Navy Aviation Machinist Mate A School Week #1
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Questions and Answers

What is matter?

  • Only solid substances.
  • Anything that takes up space. (correct)
  • A type of fluid.
  • Made up of energy.

What are the states of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas

Define solid.

State of matter with a definite shape and volume.

What is a liquid?

<p>A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gas?

<p>A state of matter with no definite shape or volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does volume refer to?

<p>The amount of space an object occupies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define mass.

<p>The amount of matter in an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is weight?

<p>A measure of the force of gravity acting on an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gravity?

<p>Force that attracts an object towards the center of the earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define density.

<p>Amount or quantity of mass per unit volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is force?

<p>The total pressure acting upon an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define pressure.

<p>Force per unit area measured in PSI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of pressure? (Select all that apply)

<p>Absolute Pressure (B), Static Pressure (C), Impact Pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is static pressure?

<p>Pressure in a confined space or not causing motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is impact pressure?

<p>Pressure caused by motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relative pressure?

<p>One pressure in relation to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define absolute pressure.

<p>Sum of the Atmospheric Pressure and System pressure starting from a theoretical vacuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pascal's Law?

<p>Pressure applied to enclosed or confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions without loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bernoulli's Principle state?

<p>Whenever a stream of any fluid has its velocity increase at a given point, the pressure of the stream at that point is less than the rest of the stream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a divergent Venturi tube?

<p>Decrease velocity and increase pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in a convergent Venturi tube?

<p>Increase velocity and decrease pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Boyle's Law state?

<p>The volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with pressure when temperature is constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles' Law state?

<p>If the volume of a confined gas is constant, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are Newton's Laws of Motion? (Select all that apply)

<p>Law of Interaction (A), Law of Inertia (B), Law of Force and Acceleration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the Law of Inertia.

<p>A mass at rest will stay at rest while a mass in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Force and Acceleration state?

<p>When a body is acted upon by a constant force, the acceleration is inversely proportional to its mass (F=ma).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Interaction state?

<p>For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define heat.

<p>Form of energy produced by motion of molecules known as kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the methods of heat transfer? (Select all that apply)

<p>Radiation (A), Conduction (C), Convection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define conduction.

<p>Transfer of heat from molecule to molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is convection?

<p>Transfer of heat by means of currents in a fluid caused by uneven heating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is radiation?

<p>Transfer of heat by means of high-speed particles of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define temperature.

<p>Intensity of hotness/coldness of a mass measured in degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atmosphere?

<p>Known as the whole mass of air surrounding the Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of the atmosphere?

<p>Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define troposphere.

<p>Lower level of the atmosphere containing weather.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratosphere?

<p>Second level that has an average temperature of -69.7 degrees F and is the best conditions for flying due to dense air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define mesosphere.

<p>Third level that has conditions that do not allow gas turbine engines to operate due to lack of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermosphere?

<p>Highest level of the atmosphere that is the electronically charged protection layer for Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the machine principle?

<p>Application of laws, principles, and theories that'll allow us to develop machines to aid us in our daily work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the machine principle?

<p>All machines multiply force or speed and one must be lost in order to gain the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of the machine principle?

<ol> <li>Work is supplied to the machine (input work). 2. Work is exerted against friction (energy is expanded). 3. Output work is done by the machine (useful work).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How is the efficiency of a machine measured?

<p>By the ratio of work output divided by work input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define hydraulics.

<p>Defined as the branch of science that deals with the study of liquids in motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of hydraulics?

<ol> <li>Pascal's Law. 2. Based on the idea that a confined liquid will transmit any pressure applied to it until the pressure at any given point is equalized.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hydraulics?

<p>To move mechanical components accurately and safely with ease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are components of the hydromechanical system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Reservoir (A), Pump (B), Check Valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reservoir?

<p>Contains supply of fluid used by the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the filter in a hydromechanical system?

<p>Filters out the contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pump do?

<p>Creates a flow of fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pressure relief valve?

<p>Relieves excess system pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a selector valve do?

<p>Directs the flow of fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an actuating unit?

<p>Converts fluid pressure to useful work (mechanical motion).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tubing in a hydromechanical system?

<p>Transports the fluid throughout the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a check valve?

<p>A valve that allows flow in one direction only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of contamination? (Select all that apply)

<p>Non-abrasive (A), Abrasive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the greatest maintenance hazard for hydraulics?

<p>Contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the origins of contamination.

<ol> <li>Particles originally contained in the system. 2. Particles introduced from outside the system. 3. Created within the system during operation. 4. Introduced by foreign liquid.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is contamination control?

<ol> <li>Ensure filters are maintained according to instruction. 2. Hold contamination to a minimal during maintenance.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the safety considerations for hydromechanical systems? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hydromechanical systems operate at extremely high pressure (3,000 psi). (B), A pin-hole leak at these pressures can force the fluid through your skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define power.

<p>The rate of doing work or the rate of expanding energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is motion?

<p>The act or process of changing place or position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define velocity.

<p>Rate of change of distance with respect to time in a given direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acceleration?

<p>Rate of change of velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define energy.

<p>Ability to do work or bring about changes in matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inertia?

<p>The property of a body to resist changes to its state of rest or motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is jet propulsion?

<p>Propelling force generated in the direction opposite to the flow of gas under pressure which is escaping through an opening called a jet nozzle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define standard day.

<p>59 degrees Fahrenheit with a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury (14.7 psi), 0 humidity, and 0 wind velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Brayton Cycle?

<p>The name given to the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine to produce thrust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four continuous and constant events in the Brayton Cycle?

<p>Intake, Compression, Combustion, and Exhaust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of thrust classification? (Select all that apply)

<p>Net Thrust (A), Static Thrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define static thrust.

<p>Thrust produced when the aircraft or engine has no forward motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is net thrust?

<p>Thrust available to power the aircraft in flight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the variables affecting thrust? (Select all that apply)

<p>Humidity (A), Outside Air Temperature (OAT) (B), Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the front frame section located?

<p>Mounted on the front of the compressor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five components of the compressor?

<p>Casing, Rotor Assembly, Stator Assembly, Exit Guide Vanes, and the Diffuser.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the compressor section?

<p>To supply compressed air in sufficient quantities to satisfy the requirements of the combustion section.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define compressor casing.

<p>Outer housing for the compressor. Stator assembly mounted to this.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the compressor rotor assembly?

<p>Compressor blades that accelerate the air rearward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stator assembly composed of?

<p>Consists of rows of stationary vanes dovetailed into split rings and mounted to the compressor casing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do exit guide vanes do?

<p>Are stationary vanes with fixed vane angle that straighten the compressor discharge to eliminate turbulence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the diffuser?

<p>Forms the compressor rear frame and develops a pressure wall to prevent reverse flow of combustion gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of compressors? (Select all that apply)

<p>Single Rotor (A), Dual Rotor (split spool) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of compressor air flow?

<p>Air inlet duct (Intake) &gt; Inlet Guide Vanes &gt; 1st Stage Rotor Blades &gt; 1st Stage Stator Vanes &gt; Repeat &gt; Last Stage of Rotors &gt; Exit Guide Vanes &gt; Diffuser &gt; Combustion Section.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the combustion section?

<p>Located between the compressor section and turbine section, it burns the fuel/air mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the combustion section?

<p>Casing, Chamber, Fuel Nozzle, Ignitor Plugs, Fuel Drain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of combustion chambers?

<p>Annular (single chamber) and Can-annular (multiple chambers).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ignitor plugs?

<p>Provides an air gas for the high energy spark to ignite fuel/air mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fuel nozzle do?

<p>Two types: Duplex (most widely used due to good spray characteristics) and Simplex (limited use spray pattern).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fuel drain's purpose?

<p>Provides a means of draining residual fuel during engine shutdown or after an abnormal start.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the turbine section?

<p>Extracts energy from expanding gases and converts it to shaft horsepower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are turbine section components?

<p>Casing, Nozzle Assembly, Turbine Rotor Assembly (Rotor Blades).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nozzle assembly do?

<p>Converts heat and pressure into velocity energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the turbine rotor assembly's purpose?

<p>Converts velocity energy into mechanical energy to drive the compressor and engine-driven accessories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of turbine rotor blades?

<p>Impulse (Low Thrust), Reaction (Medium Thrust), Impulse Reaction (High Thrust).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the engine exhaust section?

<p>Aft of the turbine section, it straightens and directs gases rearward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner cone's function?

<p>Used to prevent turbulence and allows gases to gradually come together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are struts in the turbine engine?

<p>Position and hold the inner cone and straighten swirling gases leaving the turbine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exhaust nozzle's purpose?

<p>To impart the final boost in velocity to the gases leaving the exhaust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the turbine engine accessory section?

<p>Contains the Power Take Off (PTO) and the Accessory Gearbox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Solid

The state of matter characterized by a definite shape and volume. Solids hold their form and resist compression.

Liquid

The state of matter that assumes the shape of its container while maintaining a constant volume. Liquids flow and take the form of their container.

Gas

The state of matter that lacks a definite shape and volume, filling the available space. Gases are easily compressed and expand to fill their vessel.

What is volume?

The amount of space an object takes up, often measured in cubic units like liters or cubic meters.

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What is mass?

The measure of the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in grams or kilograms.

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What is weight?

The force exerted on an object due to gravity, measured in Newtons.

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What is gravity?

The attraction between any two objects with mass; on Earth, it's the force pulling objects towards the planet's center.

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What is density?

Measures how tightly matter is packed into a given space, calculated by dividing mass by volume.

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What is force?

The total pressure acting on an object or surface. It's the force applied over a certain area.

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What is pressure?

The amount of force exerted over a specific area, often measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).

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What is Pascal's Law?

Pressure transmitted equally in all directions through a confined fluid. This principle is fundamental in hydraulic systems.

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What is Bernoulli's Principle?

The principle that states that in a fluid stream, increased velocity results in decreased pressure, and vice-versa.

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What is a Divergent Venturi Tube?

A tube with a widening section, known as a diffuser, which contributes to increased pressure and decreased velocity of the fluid flowing through it.

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What is a Convergent Venturi Tube?

A tube with a narrowing section, known as a nozzle, where fluid velocity increases, resulting in decreased pressure.

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What is Boyle's Law?

The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature. Increasing pressure decreases the volume and vice versa.

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What is Charles' Law?

The relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas at a constant volume. Increased temperature results in increased pressure and vice versa.

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What is Newton's First Law of Motion (Inertia)?

States that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by a net force.

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What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?

States that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F=ma)

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What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?

States that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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What is heat?

The energy transferred due to differences in temperature, often measured in British thermal units (BTU) or calories. It's the energy of molecular motion.

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What is conduction?

The transfer of heat through direct contact between objects at different temperatures.

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What is convection?

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). Hotter fluids rise, and cooler fluids sink, creating convection currents.

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What is radiation?

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation, such as sunlight. It doesn't require a medium.

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What is temperature?

Measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Common units include Celsius and Fahrenheit.

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What is the Machine Principle?

The application of scientific principles to create machines that assist humans in performing work.

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What is hydraulics?

The study of liquids in motion, focusing on their properties and how they interact with forces.

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What is a reservoir (in hydraulics)?

Used to store the hydraulic fluid before it is pumped throughout the system. It acts as a reservoir for the fluid.

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What is a filter (in hydraulics)?

Designed to remove contaminants from the hydraulic fluid, ensuring proper system operation.

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What is a pump (in hydraulics)?

A device used to generate fluid pressure and facilitate fluid flow within the system.

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What is a pressure relief valve (in hydraulics)?

A safety device designed to release excess pressure in the system, preventing potentially damaging pressure buildup. It acts as a relief valve.

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What is a selector valve (in hydraulics)?

A valve that controls the direction of fluid flow within the system, allowing for selective movement of the fluid.

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What is an actuating unit (in hydraulics)?

A mechanical component that converts fluid pressure into mechanical work, effectively utilizing the hydraulic pressure to power other components.

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What is tubing (in hydraulics)?

The tubes, pipes, or hoses that transport the hydraulic fluid throughout the system.

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What is a check valve (in hydraulics)?

A valve that allows fluid to flow in one direction, preventing backflow within the hydraulic system.

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Study Notes

Matter and States of Matter

  • Matter occupies space and can transition between states; composed of elements or compounds.
  • States of matter include solid, liquid, and gas, each with distinct properties.

Properties of Matter

  • Solid: Has a definite shape and volume.
  • Liquid: Maintains definite volume but adapts its shape based on the container.
  • Gas: Lacks definite shape or volume, filling the available space.

Basic Measurements

  • Volume: The space an object occupies.
  • Mass: The quantity of matter within an object.
  • Weight: The gravitational force acting on an object.
  • Gravity: The attraction between an object and the Earth, influencing weight.
  • Density: Mass per unit volume, indicating how tightly matter is packed into a space.

Pressure Concepts

  • Force: The total pressure acting on an object.
  • Pressure: Force exerted over an area (measured in PSI).
  • Types of Pressure: Includes static, impact, relative, and absolute pressures.

Application of Pressure Principles

  • Pascal's Law: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
  • Bernoulli's Principle: In a fluid stream, increased velocity results in decreased pressure.
  • Divergent Venturi Tube: Increases pressure while decreasing velocity.
  • Convergent Venturi Tube: Increases velocity while decreasing pressure.

Gas Laws

  • Boyle's Law: For a gas at constant temperature, volume and pressure are inversely related.
  • Charles’ Law: At constant volume, pressure is proportional to absolute temperature, and at constant pressure, volume is proportional to temperature.

Newton's Laws of Motion

  • First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
  • Second Law (Force and Acceleration): Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass when a constant force is applied (F=ma).
  • Third Law (Interaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Heat Transfer and Temperature

  • Heat: Energy produced by molecular motion, measured in British thermal units (BTU) or calories.
  • Methods of Heat Transfer: Includes conduction (direct transfer), convection (currents in fluids), and radiation (transfer via high-speed energy particles).
  • Temperature: A measure of the intensity of hotness or coldness.

Atmospheric Composition and Layers

  • Atmosphere Composition: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% inert gases.
  • Atmospheric Layers: Troposphere (weather), Stratosphere (best flying conditions), Mesosphere (limited gas turbine operation), Thermosphere (protection layer).

Machine and Hydraulic Principles

  • Machine Principle: Application of laws to develop machines that assist in work; all machines modify force or speed.
  • Hydraulics: Study of liquid motion; uses principles like Pascal's Law to transmit pressure in confined fluids and to move components effectively.

Hydromechanical System Components

  • Reservoir: Stores fluid.
  • Filter: Removes contamination.
  • Pump: Facilitates fluid flow.
  • Pressure Relief Valve: Manages system pressure.
  • Selector Valve: Directs fluid flow.
  • Actuating Unit: Converts fluid pressure to mechanical work.
  • Tubing: Conducts fluid.
  • Check Valve: Allows unidirectional flow.

Contamination in Hydraulics

  • Major maintenance hazard; contamination can originate from within the system or external sources.
  • Control measures include maintaining filters and minimizing contamination during maintenance.

Mechanical Power Concepts

  • Power: Rate at which work is done or energy is expended.
  • Motion: Change in place or position.
  • Velocity: Rate of distance change with respect to time.
  • Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.

Jet Propulsion and Thrust

  • Jet Propulsion: Force generated in the opposite direction of gas flow escaping through a nozzle.
  • Thrust Classification: Includes static thrust (no forward motion) and net thrust (effective power during flight).

Brayton Cycle in Gas Turbines

  • The thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine includes four continuous events: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust.

Gas Turbine Engine Sections

  • Compressor Section: Compress air for combustion.
  • Combustion Section: Mixes air with fuel and ignites it to produce energy.
  • Turbine Section: Converts energy from combustion gases into mechanical energy to drive the compressor and accessories.
  • Exhaust Section: Straightens and directs gases out of the engine.

Turbine Engine Components

  • Each section has distinct components, such as casing, rotor assemblies, nozzle assemblies, and exhaust nozzles.

Engine Exhaust Dynamics

  • Inner Cone: Maintains gas flow stability in the exhaust duct.
  • Exhaust Nozzle: Enhances gas velocity and directs flow, available in fixed and variable area designs.

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Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of matter and its various states with this flashcard quiz. Perfect for students in Navy Aviation Machinist Mate A School. Dive into definitions and learn essential vocabulary to excel in your studies.

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