6. Nausea and Vomiting Treatment Overview

A synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. It acts as a weak partial agonist at both CB1R and CB2R receptors, producing effects similar to smoking cannabis.

A rare condition in long-term cannabis users characterized by severe and repeated episodes of vomiting. It can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death.

A family of chemical compounds found in cannabis plants, including THC and CBD, with diverse effects on the body.

Refers to the body's ability to process and eliminate drugs and toxins.

Drugs that specifically target and activate cannabinoid receptors in the body, like CB1R and CB2R.

The unpleasant feeling of impending vomiting, often accompanied by pallor and increased salivation.

The forceful expulsion of stomach contents, often accompanied by sweating and a feeling of relief.

A group of cells in the lining of the digestive tract that release serotonin, a chemical messenger involved in triggering the vomiting reflex.

A type of receptor on vagal afferent nerves that is activated by serotonin, leading to the initiation of the vomiting reflex.

The area in the brainstem that controls the vomiting reflex, receiving signals from various parts of the body.

A phase of the vomiting process where the stomach relaxes and food moves backward, preparing for expulsion.

A phase of the vomiting process where the respiratory muscles contract rhythmically, building pressure in the stomach.

A phase of the vomiting process where the abdominal muscles contract and the esophageal sphincter relaxes, expelling the stomach contents.

Drugs that block the action of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptors, effectively reducing nausea and vomiting.

Drugs that block the action of dopamine at D2 receptors, reducing nausea and vomiting.

Drugs that block the action of substance P at NK1 receptors, reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Antihistamines, a class of drugs that block the action of histamine, a chemical that can cause various reactions including nausea and vomiting.

Belladonna alkaloids with anticholinergic effects, primarily used to treat motion sickness and prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting.

A condition characterized by low blood potassium levels, commonly occurring due to severe vomiting.

A condition characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance, often resulting from loss of hydrogen ions due to vomiting.

Nausea and vomiting are a common and distressing side effect of cancer treatment, affecting up to 80% of patients.

This category includes disorders that affect areas within the abdominal cavity, such as the stomach, intestines, and pancreas.

This category includes disorders that affect areas outside the abdominal cavity, such as the heart, brain, and vestibular system.

This category includes conditions and substances that directly interfere with the body's functions, like drugs or hormonal imbalances.

A serious complication of chemotherapy that can lead to patients discontinuing their treatment, potentially hindering their recovery.

A collection of specialized cells located in the medulla oblongata that detect changes in blood chemistry and trigger vomiting.

The area in the brainstem that controls the vomiting reflex, receiving signals from various parts of the body.

A group of cells in the lining of the digestive tract that release serotonin, a chemical messenger involved in triggering the vomiting reflex.

Drugs that block the action of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptors, effectively reducing nausea and vomiting.

Drugs that block the action of dopamine at D2 receptors, reducing nausea and vomiting.

Drugs that block the action of substance P at NK1 receptors, reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

A rare condition in long-term cannabis users characterized by severe and repeated episodes of vomiting.

A synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. It acts as a weak partial agonist at both CB1R and CB2R receptors, producing effects similar to smoking cannabis.

A class of chemical compounds found in cannabis plants, including THC and CBD, with diverse effects on the body.

Cinnarizine is a medication used to treat motion sickness and dizziness. It blocks histamine receptors and calcium channels, decreasing the signals that cause nausea and dizziness.

Dimenhydrinate is a combination medicine that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It's used to prevent and treat motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting. It works by blocking histamine receptors.

Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate both work by blocking histamine receptors. They both help to reduce nausea and dizziness, but have slight differences.

Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate are both known as 'first generation' antihistamines because they also have a sedative effect.

Cinnarizine blocks the action of calcium channels, which play a role in muscle contraction and nerve signaling. Blocking these channels reduces the signals that cause nausea and dizziness.

Dimenhydrinate blocks histamine receptors which are involved in allergic reactions and also play a role in regulating the brain's response to nausea and dizziness.

Some antihistamines like Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate have sedative effects. This means that they can make you feel drowsy or sleepy.

While some antihistamines have a sedative effect, others are known as 'second generation' antihistamines because they have a lesser sedative effect.

The ability of dronabinol to activate cannabinoid receptors, specifically CB1 and CB2.

A group of receptors in the brain and peripheral nervous system involved in various processes, including appetite, pain perception, and mood.

The process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs, like dronabinol.

A specific enzyme primarily responsible for breaking down dronabinol in the liver.

A potential issue with using dronabinol.

Using dronabinol to treat conditions like anorexia in AIDS patients or nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy.

Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate are antihistamine and calcium channel blocker drugs that primarily work against motion sickness and vertigo. They are used to manage nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with various conditions.

Cinnarizine inhibits the influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells, preventing vasoconstriction. It also impacts red blood cells, improving their flexibility and reducing blood viscosity, leading to better microcirculation.

Cinnarizine affects the vestibular hair cells by blocking calcium channels, preventing the release of neurotransmitters and reducing firing frequency, effectively calming the vestibular labyrinth.

Ondansetron, a serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist, effectively blocks the action of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptors, preventing nausea and vomiting associated with various conditions such as chemotherapy and surgery.

Dimenhydrinate is a drug with anticholinergic and antihistamine properties. It acts centrally, affecting the vestibular nuclei to control vertigo and the brainstem to manage nausea and vomiting.

Cinnarizine possesses calcium antagonist properties, affecting the labyrinth (inner ear) and improving cerebral circulation. It helps manage vertigo and dizziness by reducing the signals from the inner ear to the brain.

Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate work through a dual mechanism of action. Cinnarizine targets the labyrinth, while Dimenhydrinate focuses on the vestibular nuclei and brainstem.

Ondansetron is a selective antagonist for 5-HT3 receptors, blocking the action of serotonin and effectively preventing nausea and vomiting caused by various reasons, including chemotherapy and surgery.