Developmental Psychology (summary)

Which research approach best isolates the influence of genes while minimizing shared environmental factors?

A researcher aims to investigate the impact of early childhood education on later academic achievement. Which study design would be most appropriate for isolating environmental influences?

According to Karmiloff-Smith's perspective, how do genes and environment interact in development?

A researcher presents an infant with the same visual stimulus repeatedly until their looking time decreases. Following this, the researcher presents a slightly different stimulus. This methodology combines habituation trials with what other technique?

In the context of Lorenz's work on imprinting with ducklings, what critical factor did Hess (1958) identify as influencing the imprinting process?

According to Piaget, what drives cognitive development?

A child consistently refers to all four-legged animals as 'dogs'. Which of Piaget's concepts best explains this behavior?

What is the hallmark of the sensorimotor stage?

A child in the preoperational stage is shown two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. The water from one glass is poured into a taller, thinner glass. The child now believes the taller glass contains more water. Which Piagetian concept does this illustrate?

A researcher shows a group of children a picture with 5 dogs and 3 cats. When asked, 'Are there more dogs or more animals?', children in the preoperational stage respond, 'More dogs.' What concept does this demonstrate?

A child is presented with a conservation of liquid task. They correctly state that the amount of liquid remains the same even after it is poured into a taller, thinner glass. What cognitive ability, according to Piaget, does this demonstrate?

A child successfully arranges a set of sticks in order from shortest to longest. This demonstrates the concept of seriation. What cognitive ability does seriation exemplify within the concrete operational stage?

A teacher is helping a student learn to solve algebraic equations. The teacher first provides a lot of support and guidance, gradually reducing assistance as the student becomes more competent. According to Vygotsky, what is the teacher facilitating?

While working on a math problem, a student is able to mentally picture the steps needed to reverse the process and arrive back at the starting point. What cognitive ability is the student demonstrating, according to Piaget?

A child is told that 'Linda is taller than Mary, and Mary is taller than Susan.' The child is then asked, 'Who is taller, Linda or Susan?' A child in the concrete operational stage would likely be able to answer this question correctly due to what cognitive ability?

According to Vygotsky, what primary mechanism do children use to navigate their Zone of Proximal Development?

Kellman and Spelke's (1983) habituation studies with infants challenged Piaget's views by suggesting what?

Spelke's theory of core knowledge posits that infants begin life with a set of fundamental cognitive capacities. Which of the following is NOT considered one of these core knowledge domains?

In Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation paradigm, what is indicated when infants show increased looking time (dishabituation) towards an event?

According to the research presented, what characteristic of infants is associated with demonstrating effects in the drawbridge study?

Mix, Huttenlocher, & Devine (2002) raised a concern about infant number studies, suggesting that infants might be responding to what instead of numerical quantity?

In the 'Blue Wall' study by Hermer & Spelke (1994), what did they find regarding spatial reorientation in rats?

Xu & Garcia (2008) demonstrated that 8-month-olds could make inferences about a population from a sample. This supports which broader perspective on infant cognition?

When researching cognitive development in infants, which neuroimaging technique offers a balance between spatial and temporal acuity, making it suitable for early use?

In the cloth-pulling task, what key observation differentiated 8-month-old infants from younger infants, suggesting intentional means-end behavior?

What cognitive abilities does the Tower of Hanoi task primarily measure in the context of executive function development?

According to Baddeley & Hitch's model of working memory, what role does the central executive play in cognitive processing?

How does the development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during childhood and adolescence relate to executive function?

What role does myelination play in neural development, particularly in the frontal lobes during the first year of life?

In the dimension card change task, what ability is being tested when children are asked to switch sorting criteria from color to shape?

What does the study by Johnstone, Barry, and Clarke (2007) suggest about developmental changes in behavioral measures on Go/No-Go and Stop tasks between 7 and 12 years old?

During a NoGo task, which brain region shows activity consistently across all ages, according to the research presented?

In the Go/No-Go task, how does brain activity in children differ from that in adults, specifically regarding the posterior source mentioned in Johnstone, Barry, and Clarke's (2007) study?

According to Braddick (1993), what is the crucial comparison when studying orientation perception in infants?

What specific aspect of motion perception did Wattam-Bell (1991) investigate in infants?

In Yonas et al.'s (1977) study, what behavioral response were they tracking to measure looming perception in infants?

Orioli et al. (2018) measured looming perception in newborns using which methodology?

In Gibson and Walk's (1960) visual cliff experiment, what percentage of infants refused to cross the 'cliff' side, suggesting depth perception?

According to Berthenthal, Campos & Barrett (1984), what difference was observed in visual cliff avoidance between inexperienced and experienced crawlers?

Stereopsis, which emerges around 11-13 weeks, primarily relies on what visual mechanism for depth perception?

The dynamic systems perspective suggests that motor abilities are present earlier than initially thought, but their expression is limited by which factors?

Which statement aligns with the dynamic systems perspective on motor development?

What is the significance of the strong links between perceptual, physical, and motor abilities in infant development?

In the Strange Situation, a child classified as Type B (secure) typically demonstrates what behavior upon the mother's return?

What maternal behavior might contribute to an infant developing an insecure-resistant (Type C) attachment style, according to Ainsworth's theory?

A child who displays contradictory behaviors, such as crying while simultaneously pushing away from the mother is most likely classified as having which attachment style?

According to the research by Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) on cross-cultural attachment variations, which of the following is generally true?

According to the NICHD study (2006), what is the relationship between childcare and child development?

What long-term social-emotional outcome at age 5 is most likely predicted by secure attachment at 12 months?

In the Strange Situation, a child classified as insecure-avoidant (Type A) would most likely exhibit which behavior when the mother returns after a separation?

According to Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis and subsequent research, what is a potential long-term consequence associated with limited access to high-quality care in early childhood?

What behavior in the Strange Situation BEST exemplifies a child's use of the attachment figure as a 'secure base'?

A researcher observes that a child in the Strange Situation becomes very upset when their mother leaves, is difficult to comfort upon her return, and seems both to seek and resist contact. Which attachment style does this behavior best indicate?

What cognitive ability does the 'Maxi task' primarily assess in children?

Which of the following is a key challenge in studying theory of mind development?

What does Woodward's 1998 study suggest about infants' understanding of actions?

How does the 'Theory Theory' explain children's understanding of mental states?

What is the core idea behind 'Simulation Theory' regarding theory of mind?

According to Baron-Cohen's Modularity Theory, what is the role of the 'theory of mind module' (ToMM)?

How does the outcome of the Duplo task compared to the Smarties task challenge traditional views on theory of mind development?

What does evidence from the Duplo task suggest about the development of perspective-tracking?

How do findings from infant studies, such as Onishi & Baillargeon's 2005 research, contribute to the debate on theory of mind development?

What is a key implication of finding that infants possess some understanding of false belief?

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Piaget's concept of autonomous morality?

According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, at what level does an individual prioritize the needs of society and the greater good above individual desires?

In the context of moral reasoning, which scenario exemplifies the 'individualistic/instrumental morality' stage?

How does Kohlberg's theory build upon Piaget's work on moral development?

A person argues that while a particular action may be illegal, it is morally justifiable because it protects the rights and well-being of many people. According to Kohlberg, at which stage of moral development is this person reasoning?

According to Hamlin (2013), what abilities do infants possess that suggest they have a 'moral core'?

How does the 'surgeon problem' differ from the 'trolley problem' in the context of moral decision-making?

A child consistently judges actions based on their outcomes, regardless of the actor's intent. According to Piaget, which stage of moral development does this child exemplify?

An individual believes that laws should be obeyed without question to maintain social order. Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development best describes this perspective?

Moral reasoning involves cognitive processes that consider moral rules and their basis. Which of the following best describes how moral reasoning differs from simply following moral rules?

What is a key distinction in how the neurodiversity movement approaches developmental conditions compared to traditional medical models?

How does the concept of 'spiky profiles' relate to understanding individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

What is the significance of the 'double empathy problem' in the context of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

The 'extreme male brain' theory attempts to explain the sex ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by suggesting that?

What genetic mechanism underlies Williams Syndrome (WS)?

Which of the following is a common medical characteristic associated with Williams Syndrome (WS)?

What is the primary genetic cause of Down syndrome?

Compared to individuals with Down syndrome (DS), individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) typically demonstrate:

Which pro-social behavior is commonly seen in both Williams Syndrome (WS) and Down syndrome (DS)?

What statement best summarizes the relationship between genetic cause and behavioral manifestation in developmental disorders like Williams Syndrome (WS) and Down syndrome (DS)?