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Questions and Answers
What are the consequences for a student caught cheating in this class?
What does the term 'nature' refer to in human behavior?
What is the primary structure that contains a person’s genetic material?
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans inherit from their parents?
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What distinguishes identical twins from fraternal twins?
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What role do genes play in an organism?
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What does heredity refer to?
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What results from studying identical twins raised in different environments?
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Harlow's research indicated that social support and comfort are more critical for development than mere provision of food.
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Imprinting in geese can be reversed after it has occurred.
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Children with secure attachment tend to explore their environment when a caregiver is present.
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Insecure avoidant attachment is characterized by a child reacting strongly to a caregiver's departure.
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Prolonged neglect can lead to a smaller brain size in children due to the impact of maternal deprivation.
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Insecure anxious attachment leads to children exhibiting calmness and stability upon their caregiver's return.
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Contact comfort is established primarily through bottle feeding rather than nursing.
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The impact of early maternal deprivation on attachment can be completely remedied if addressed within the first three months.
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Prolonged deprivation does not affect the brain's serotonin levels.
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Children who find loving foster homes can regrow white matter and connections in their brains.
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The 'anxious/ambivalent' attachment style is characterized by infants who are neither upset when the mother leaves nor interested when she returns.
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Authoritative parents exert control by setting rules while encouraging open discussion with their children.
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Negligent parents are characterized as being highly involved and nurturing with their children.
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Cognitive development continues throughout life, even into adolescence.
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Preconventional morality primarily focuses on understanding and adhering to societal rules.
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Adolescents do not begin to consider others' thoughts and feelings until adulthood.
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Study Notes
Cheating in Class
- Students caught cheating will receive a 0 on the test.
- Repeat offenders will receive a 0 for the course, followed by suspension and potential expulsion.
- In-class tests are being replaced with paper tests due to cheating concerns.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature refers to an individual's biology and genetics.
- Nurture represents the environment and experiences that shape an individual.
The Human Genome
- The human genome is a shared genetic profile containing all genetic material.
- It provides complete instructions for creating a human organism.
- Genes, the biochemical units of heredity, are located on chromosomes.
- Genes, when expressed, provide the building blocks for the body.
- We each receive 23 pairs of chromosomes (23 from each parent).
- The X and Y chromosomes are not perfectly matched, with the Y chromosome missing some genes.
- Chromosomes are protein structures containing a single DNA molecule.
- DNA, consisting of two strands connected by a double helix, contains our entire genetic code.
- We have approximately 20,000 genes, some of which are active and some inactive.
- The entire genetic material of an organism is referred to as its genome.
- Many of our traits have genetic roots.
Heredity
- Heredity is the genetic transfer from parents to offspring.
- Twin studies are used to study the influence of environment on behavior.
- Identical twins share the same genes and often have similar traits, abilities, interests, tastes, activities, fears, physiology, brain waves, and heart rate.
- Identical twins are monozygotic, meaning they originate from the same fertilized egg.
- Fraternal twins are dizygotic, meaning they originate from two separate fertilized eggs.
The Zygote
- A zygote is a fertilized egg that repeatedly divides.
- The similarity between siblings could be attributed to biological factors or happenstance.
Attachment
- Early attachments are essential for a child's well-being and development
- Harlow's study with monkeys highlights social, emotional and physical needs of infants beyond just nourishment
- Skin-to-skin contact, known as contact comfort, is crucial in developing early attachments and provides pleasure to both infant and caregiver
- Attachment can be influenced by parenting styles and environmental factors
Theories of Attachment
- Lorenz investigated imprinting in geese, suggesting they imprint on the first moving object they see, a critical survival instinct
- Secure Attachment - Child explores environment confidently with caregiver present, becomes distressed when caregiver leaves, calms down quickly upon return
- Insecure Attachment - Child demonstrates anxious or avoidant behavior, clinging to caregiver or showing indifference upon separation and reunion, may be a result of inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving
Insecure Attachment Types
- Insecure-Avoidant - Displays indifference when caregiver leaves and upon return
- Insecure-Anxious/Ambivalent - Distressed upon caregiver's departure, shows ambivalence upon return, seeking closeness but resisting comfort
Deprivation and Its Effects
- Deprivation refers to the lack of consistent, nurturing caregiving, especially in early childhood
- Deprivation can significantly impact a child's development, leading to behavioral, emotional, and cognitive difficulties
- Prolonged deprivation can lead to smaller brain size, deeper sulci, and impaired cognitive function
- Lack of attachment can result in withdrawn behavior, speech difficulties, increased vulnerability to infections, and even death
Romanian Orphanage Study
- Overcrowding and poor care in Romanian orphanages led to severe attachment deficits and developmental issues in children
- Children showed signs of diminished language skills, lack of emotional responsiveness, and physical developmental delays
- However, children who were placed in loving foster homes showed significant improvement in brain development and cognitive functioning
Attachment Styles
- Secure - Comfortable exploring with caregiver present, distressed at separation, easily soothed upon reunion
- Anxious/Ambivalent - Distressed at separation, seeks comfort but also resists it upon reunion
- Anxious/Avoidant - Appears indifferent at separation and reunion
- Disorganized/Disoriented - Displays inconsistent, confused, or contradictory behavior, often associated with trauma
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian - High demands, low responsiveness, strict rules, emphasis on obedience
- Permissive - Low demands, high responsiveness, few limits, little punishment
- Neglectful - Low demands, low responsiveness, uninvolved, lack of warmth
- Authoritative - High demands, high responsiveness, clear rules, open communication, encourage independence
Adolescence and Moral Reasoning
- Adolescence marks a period of transition between childhood and adulthood
- Cognitive development continues, including increased self-awareness, social awareness, and moral reasoning
- Moral reasoning progresses through three stages
- Preconventional Morality (birth to 9 years old) - Focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards
- Conventional Morality (early adolescence to adulthood) - Understanding and conforming to societal rules and laws
- Postconventional Morality - Developing personal principles and moral reasoning based on universal ethical principles
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Description
Test your understanding of the Nature vs. Nurture debate in psychology. Explore how biology and genetics influence who we are compared to the impact of our environment and experiences. This quiz will enhance your knowledge about human development and genetics.
