Natural Killer Cells and Apoptosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes the innate immune response from the adaptive immune response?

  • Speed of response and specificity (correct)
  • Specificity and effectiveness
  • Rapid development and nonspecificity
  • Development time and effectiveness

    • Why are barrier defenses considered part of the body's most basic defense mechanisms?

  • Because they are highly specific
  • Because they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens (correct)
  • Because they only respond to infections
  • Because they are rapid in their response

    • Which physical barrier serves as the primary defense mechanism against the entrance of microorganisms into the body?

  • Blood cells
  • Lymph nodes
  • Mucous membranes
  • Skin (correct)

    • How do sweat and skin secretions contribute to the barrier defenses against pathogens?

    <p>By containing toxic substances and washing microbes away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the innate immune response less specific compared to the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Nonspecificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the innate immune response not always effective in destroying pathogens?

    <p>Because it is nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Natural Killer (NK) cells recognize infected cells?

    <p>Through their surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of perforin released by NK cells?

    <p>Inducing cell death by forming pores in cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells prevent viral infection from spreading further?

    <p>By inducing apoptosis before virus assembly is complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the immune response?

    <p>Recognizing characteristic features of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity limited?

    <p>Due to the finite surface area of cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do early induced proteins contribute to the innate immune response?

    <p>They are produced as needed early during immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chemokines from cytokines?

    <p>Chemokines act on receiving cells from longer distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a fas ligand on a Natural Killer (NK) cell binds to a fas molecule on an infected cell?

    <p>It sends apoptotic signals to kill the infected cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of granzymes released by Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>They trigger apoptosis intracellularly by entering the target cell through perforin pores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells recognize intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

    <p>Through mechanisms involving their surface receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme present in saliva helps in destroying bacteria by digesting their cell walls?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mucus layer in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>Trapping microbes and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells move contaminated mucus from the upper respiratory tract to the mouth for disposal into the digestive tract?

    <p>Ciliated epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered the body's fast-acting, first line of immunological defense against pathogens that breach barrier defenses?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neutrophils from macrophages in terms of their cytoplasmic content?

    <p>Presence of granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is attracted via chemotaxis from the bloodstream to infected tissues?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell differentiates into either a macrophage or dendritic cell and is attracted to areas of infection?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phagocyte capable of doing when encountering a particle or cell?

    <p>Engulfing the particle or cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Mycobacteria tuberculosis, the cause of tuberculosis?

    <p>Resistant to digestive enzymes of phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages differ from neutrophils in their movement within tissues?

    <p>Neutrophils move through capillary walls using pseudopodia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons secreted by virus-infected cells?

    <p>Induce surrounding cells to make antiviral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds specifically to polysaccharide components of bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Mannose-binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in the context of the immune response?

    <p>The tagging of a pathogen for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of complement activation involves antibody bound to antigen?

    <p>Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemotactic agents released by the complement system?

    <p>Attracting phagocytic cells to the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with inflammation in the innate immune response?

    <p>Coldness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mannose-binding protein and C-reactive protein aid in protecting against infections?

    <p>By binding to bacterial cell wall components and aiding in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In opsonization, what is the main function of antibodies or antimicrobial proteins?

    <p>Tag pathogens for phagocytosis by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) formed by the complement system?

    <p>Killing pathogens by disrupting their osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the inflammatory reaction described in the text?

    <p>To kill pathogens and remove debris from the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are brought in by the inflammatory reaction to clear cellular debris?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic inflammation according to the text?

    <p>Major tissue destruction and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory mediator increases vascular permeability and causes plasma leakage?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the heat and redness associated with inflamed tissue?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are particularly good at attracting neutrophils to the site of infection?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Relieve pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vasodilation cause in inflamed tissues?

    <p>Increased blood flow and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types are recruited to clean up debris left over at the site of infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of histamine in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increase vascular permeability and blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the innate immune response from the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Innate immunity is slower to develop and nonspecific, while adaptive immunity is rapid and highly specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary barrier to the entrance of microorganisms into the body?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chemotactic agents released by the complement system?

    <p>Attract immune cells to infection sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sweat and other skin secretions contribute to the barrier defenses against pathogens?

    <p>By physically washing microbes away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neutrophils from macrophages in terms of their movement within tissues?

    <p>Neutrophils move quickly to sites of infection while macrophages arrive later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are barrier defenses considered part of the body's most basic defense mechanisms?

    <p>Because they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in saliva helps in destroying bacteria by digesting their cell walls?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neutrophils differ from macrophages in terms of granules in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Neutrophils lack cytoplasmic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are referred to as the body's first line of defense against pathogens that breach barrier defenses?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?

    <p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the movement of macrophages through tissues using pseudopodia?

    <p>Amoeboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neutrophils from macrophages in terms of their roles during an immune response?

    <p>Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells move contaminated mucus from the upper respiratory tract to the mouth for disposal into the digestive tract?

    <p>Ciliated epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of monocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle fuses with a phagosome in order to kill many pathogens inside a phagocyte?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Natural Killer (NK) cells induce apoptosis in infected cells?

    <p>By releasing chemicals that directly cause cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the innate immune response?

    <p>To recognize characteristic features of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines and chemokines differ in function?

    <p>Cytokines induce cell death, while chemokines attract immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of perforin released by Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>To form pores in infected cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do early induced proteins contribute to the innate immune response?

    <p>By being produced as needed during the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)?

    <p>Receptor for pathogen-specific molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons in the immune response?

    <p>To inhibit viral replication in neighboring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a fas ligand on a Natural Killer (NK) cell binds to a fas molecule on an infected cell?

    <p>The infected cell undergoes apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemokines differ from cytokines in function?

    <p>Cytokines regulate cell growth, while chemokines attract immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granules released by Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to inducing apoptosis in infected cells?

    <p>By releasing proteins that form pores in the membranes of infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of interferons secreted by virus-infected cells?

    <p>Induce adjacent cells to produce antiviral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the complement system activated in the alternate pathway?

    <p>Spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of opsonization in the immune response?

    <p>Tagging pathogens for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins have receptors on phagocytes like macrophages, aiding in the recognition and close proximity to bacteria?

    <p>Mannose-binding protein and C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) formed by the complement system?

    <p>Kill pathogens by disrupting their osmotic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inflammation contribute to tissue damage repair in the body?

    <p>By attracting phagocytic cells to the site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the early stages of activation in the classical pathway of complement activation?

    <p>Antibodies bound to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of damaging pores in the plasma membrane of pathogens by the complement system?

    <p>'Fragmenting' by complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemotactic agents released by the complement system contribute to immune responses?

    <p>Attract phagocytic cells to infection sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant function of opsonization in the immune response?

    <p>Tag pathogens for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increasing the permeability of local capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain associated with inflammation?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen relieve pain?

    <p>By inhibiting prostaglandin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increase vascular permeability and attract neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vasodilation contribute to the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increases access of blood to the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

    <p>Promotes clotting and wound repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do neutrophils accumulate at the site of infection in large numbers?

    <p>To phagocytose pathogens and clean up debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of prostaglandins in inflammation?

    <p>Relax vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mast cell granules contribute to the inflammatory response?

    <p>Release potent inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the heat and redness associated with inflamed tissue?

    <p>Vasodilation from inflammatory mediators like histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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