Natural Hazards in 2024

<p>Annual expenses have doubled in the last decade, indicating a significant increase in the frequency and severity of climate-related disasters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Super Typhoon Yagi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fort McMurray Wildfire (2016) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The system is not adequately equipped to handle the rising frequency and severity of natural disasters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to properly assess and mitigate risks associated with specific natural hazards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atmospheric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A landslide triggered by deforestation in a mountainous region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lower the magnitude of an event, the less frequently it will occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk is a measure of the potential harm, while vulnerability is the weakness that increases the chance of harm when the event occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improperly managed campfires in wilderness areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estimate and allocate resources for disaster preparedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hurricane Fiona causing $660M in damages and severe flooding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Responding to and recovering from disasters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Earth is shaped by ongoing, gradual processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Event (1) triggered Event (2), both being caused by seismic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A region prone to hurricanes is susceptible, while poorly built homes make it vulnerable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rescue operations and medical aid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They explain long-term climate variations through orbital changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct modern methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when climate changes increase hazard risks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melting glaciers and permafrost (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthquakes and tornadoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often rely on subjective interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reopening businesses and repairing infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural hazards are more severe due to climate change consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Satellite data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vulnerability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ignoring historical trends and patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designing earthquake-resistant buildings using knowledge from both seismology and engineering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages collaboration and knowledge sharing among countries, enhancing global disaster preparedness and response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A natural hazard is a potential threat arising from natural processes, while a natural disaster is the actual occurrence of that threat causing damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Events with higher magnitude tend to occur less frequently, while lower magnitude events are more common. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A trigger is a short-term event that initiates a hazard, while a cause is a long-term condition that sets the stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An earthquake triggering a tsunami (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding natural hazards enables us to develop and implement strategies for risk mitigation and preparedness, minimizing their impact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear energy from fission reactions within the Earth's core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tree ring analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milanković Cycles explain long-term climate changes, which can contribute to climate forcing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthquakes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate forcing can alter the conditions that influence the occurrence and severity of natural hazards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the complex interactions between climate change and natural hazards for effective risk management. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide limited information about the magnitude and frequency of past climate events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hurricane intensifying over warmer ocean waters makes landfall with higher wind speeds and rainfall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sinking of land due to the melting of permafrost, leading to the formation of sinkholes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solar activity (sunspot cycles) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term rebuilding efforts, including improvements to hazard resilience and infrastructure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$22 billion in damages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brazil Floods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geologic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delays in payments for low-income homeowners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$310 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fort McMurray Wildfire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate-related disaster costs have doubled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrologic hazards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India Heat Waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand and mitigate disasters through various expert perspectives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fort McMurray wildfire that caused $4 billion in damages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A disaster is localized, while a catastrophe has long-term consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural hazard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that larger events cause more significant losses less often. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the severity and frequency of several natural disasters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geothermal energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They offer realistic descriptions that illustrate the human impact of disasters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weaknesses that exacerbate the impact of disasters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A community with outdated building codes and weak emergency response systems, making it more susceptible to severe consequences during a natural disaster. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both catastrophism and uniformitarianism play vital roles in shaping the Earth, with major events causing sudden changes and ongoing processes shaping landscapes gradually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps us understand that although larger magnitude events are less frequent, they require more resources and infrastructure to effectively prepare and mitigate their impact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A landslide is caused by heavy rainfall, which saturates the soil beyond its capacity, leading to the trigger of a landslide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic Disasters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite the risk of Hurricane Fiona being high, the uncertainty of its exact strength and path made accurate predictions challenging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A community with weak infrastructure is vulnerable to damage during an earthquake, but a region located in an earthquake-prone area is also susceptible to experiencing the event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To effectively respond to and recover from a disaster by stabilizing the situation, repairing infrastructure, and rehabilitating communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A landslide caused by deforestation, increasing the likelihood of soil erosion and slope instability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic eruptions releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to long-term warming trends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hurricane Helene = 22 Super Typhoon Yagi = 16.9 Kerala Landslides = N/A Japan Earthquake (Jan 1) = N/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic = Ash, gases, lava flows Hydrologic = Floods, storm surges, drought Atmospheric = Hurricanes, tornadoes, hail, ice storms Seismic = Earthquakes, tsunamis, liquefaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fort McMurray Wildfire = 4.0 Southern Alberta Floods = 1.8 Eastern Ice Storm = 2.3 Alberta Hailstorm = 1.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of flood insurance requirements in high-risk areas = Inequities in how funds are distributed Thresholds tripled in 2015 = Delays in payments affect lower-income homeowners the most No definitive study of economic disaster impact in Canada = Disasters are becoming more frequent and severe Horizontal and vertical equity issues = Lack of flood insurance requirements in high-risk areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hurricane Milton = 35 Super Typhoon Yagi = 844 Chile Wildfires = 130 India Heat Waves = 3,200</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigger = An immediate event that sets a hazard in motion Cause = An underlying factor contributing to hazard occurrence Linkage = Interconnectedness between different hazard types Risk = The likelihood and severity of potential damage from a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reconstruction = Restoration efforts following the Fort McMurray Wildfire Response = Emergency evacuations during the Southern Alberta Floods Mitigation = Implementing stricter building codes to prevent future damage from earthquakes Preparation = Public awareness campaigns about hurricane safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seismic = Plate tectonics Atmospheric = Climate change Hydrologic = Precipitation patterns Volcanic = Magma movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proxy methods = Analyzing tree rings and ice cores Direct measurements = Monitoring greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere Indirect measurements = Tracking sea level rise and ocean temperatures Modeling = Simulating future climate scenarios based on various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delays in payments = Affecting lower-income homeowners disproportionately Tripling of thresholds in 2015 = Not keeping pace with the increasing frequency and severity of disasters Lack of comprehensive studies = Limiting understanding of the full economic impact of disasters Inequities in distribution = Raising concerns about fairness and access to funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause = A long-term buildup of conditions that creates a hazard. Trigger = A short-term event that initiates the hazard. Correlation = Two events happening together, but not necessarily related Causation = One event directly causes another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atmospheric Disasters = 2020 Calgary Hailstorm Seismic Disasters = 2024 Japan Earthquake Geologic Disasters = 2024 Kerala Landslide Hydrologic Disasters = 2013 Southern Alberta Flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency Work = Search and rescue, medical aid, food, water, and shelter. Restoration = Basic infrastructure repair, businesses partially reopen. Reconstruction = Long-term rebuilding of homes, infrastructure, and services. Baseline Use = Helps governments plan and allocate resources for future recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hazard = The potential for harm. Risk = The probability of harm occurring. Vulnerability = Weakness that increases harm when an event occurs. Susceptibility = The likelihood of harm happening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaster = A serious event causing injury, death, or property damage. Catastrophe = A larger-scale disaster with long-term consequences. Magnitude = The size or energy of an event. Frequency = How often an event of a certain magnitude happens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catastrophism = Large, rare events shape the Earth. Uniformitarianism = Small, frequent events gradually shape the Earth. Magnitude-Frequency Relation = Smaller events happen more often, larger events happen less often but cause more damage. Equation: M=Fe^-x = Represents the relationship between magnitude and frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased Hurricane Strength = Climate Change-Related Disasters More Frequent Wildfires = Climate Change-Related Disasters Drought &amp; Heat Waves = Climate Change-Related Disasters Volcanic Eruptions = Not Primarily Affected by Climate Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Measurements = Using instruments to directly measure temperature, precipitation, etc. Proxy Methods = Using indirect indicators like tree rings, ice cores, etc. Milanković Cycles = Explain long-term variations in Earth's orbit and tilt. Climate Forcing = Factors that influence Earth's energy balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ground Subsidence = Sinking of the ground due to removal of underground support. Thermokarst = Melting permafrost causing ground collapse and instability. Interdisciplinary Work = Collaboration between different fields of study. Smart Hazard Approach = Integrated approach to address natural hazards by considering multiple factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linkages Between Hazards = How one hazard can trigger or worsen another. Climate Forcing and Natural Hazards = The relationship between factors influencing Earth's energy balance and hazard occurrence. Proxy Methods Limitations = Accuracy depends on the chosen proxy and the extent to which it reflects past conditions. Scenario of Direct Climate Change Impact = An event where climate change directly contributes to a hazard's occurrence or intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency Work = 0-2 weeks Restoration = Months Reconstruction = Years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccentricity = 100,000-year cycle Obliquity = 41,000-year cycle Precession = 22-26,000-year cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Methods = High accuracy and precision Indirect Methods = Long-term data record</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avalanches = Warmer temperatures Earthquakes &amp; Volcanoes = Melting glaciers Floods = Increased rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tree Rings = Biological Proxies Ice Cores = Chemical Proxies Glacier Formations = Physical Proxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forest Fires = Higher temperatures and drier conditions Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) = Melting glaciers Landslides = More rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ground Subsidence (Karst) = Bedrock dissolution Thermokarst = Melting permafrost</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency Work = Rescue operations and immediate aid Restoration = Infrastructure repair and business reopening Reconstruction = Long-term rebuilding and resilience improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccentricity = Shape of Earth's orbit Obliquity = Tilt of Earth's axis Precession = Wobble of Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earlier and larger avalanches = Avalanches Increased risk of floods = Floods Stronger hurricanes = Hurricanes &amp; Tornadoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landslides = Geologic Hurricanes = Atmospheric Tsunamis = Seismic Droughts = Hydrologic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause = Long-term conditions that lead to a hazard Trigger = Short-term event that initiates a hazard Vulnerability = Weaknesses in a system that make impact worse Susceptibility = Likelihood of something happening</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnitude = Size or energy of an event Frequency = How often an event of a given magnitude happens Catastrophism = Large, rare events shape Earth Uniformitarianism = Gradual processes shape Earth over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthquake-resistant building designs = Interdisciplinary Work Global cooperation for disaster response = Multi-National Effort Survivor accounts of the 1998 Quebec Ice Storm = Survivor &amp; Witness Accounts Studies on the 2013 Southern Alberta Floods = Scientific Analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2011 Japan Earthquake = Plate tectonics 2021 BC Rain &amp; Flooding = Climate change and atmospheric conditions 2024 Kerala Landslides = Heavy rainfall and terrain 2013 Southern Alberta Floods = Heavy rainfall and river overflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate Change = More severe hurricanes, wildfires, droughts, and rising sea levels Population growth = Increased vulnerability and pressure on resources Globalization = Interconnectedness and potential for spillover effects Plate tectonics = Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropogenic = Worsened or caused by humans Correlation = Two events happen together Causation = One event directly causes another Systems Approach = Natural hazards are influenced by different energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency Work = Immediate rescue and relief efforts Restoration = Rebuilding and recovery of infrastructure Reconstruction = Long-term rebuilding and rehabilitation Reactive Response Recovery = Addressing immediate needs and stabilizing situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milanković Cycles = Variations in Earth's orbit that influence climate Climate Forcing = Factors that alter the Earth's energy balance Ground Subsidence = Sinking of the ground due to various factors including climate change Thermokarst = Formation of sinkholes due to thawing permafrost</p> Signup and view all the answers