Natural Disasters and Geophysical Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason for transmigration in Indonesia from Java to Maluku?

  • To promote tourism in Maluku
  • To assist indigenous populations in Maluku
  • To increase urban population in Java
  • To alleviate population pressure in Java (correct)

Which of the following is a push factor for Mexican migrants into the USA?

  • Availability of jobs
  • Family links in the USA
  • High adult literacy rates
  • Unemployment rate of 40% (correct)

What is an effect of transmigration on the place of destination in Indonesia?

  • Rapid urbanization in Maluku
  • Improved commercial farming opportunities
  • Pressure on local resources (correct)
  • Cultural integration with indigenous populations

Which type of natural disaster is primarily influenced by the Earth's atmosphere and weather patterns?

<p>Hurricanes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consequence has been observed in Nigeria due to overpopulation?

<p>Increased pollution levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant economic contribution does coal mining provide?

<p>Economic development of the nation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the magnitude of an earthquake indicate?

<p>The amount of energy released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural disaster is an example of a biological geophysical process?

<p>Algal blooms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common issue did the transmigrants face upon moving to Maluku?

<p>Incompatibility with indigenous farming techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement illustrates a pull factor for Mexican migrants to the USA?

<p>Abundant job opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scale would be used to measure the explosivity of a volcanic eruption?

<p>Volcano Explosivity Index (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the periodic occurrence of hazardous events like earthquakes?

<p>Frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of overpopulation seen in Nigeria from 1986 to 2010?

<p>Rise in the percentage of urban centers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of plate tectonics theory?

<p>How major landforms are created through subterranean movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disasters is categorized under geomorphological geophysical processes?

<p>Rockfalls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the magnitude of an avalanche determined?

<p>By its speed, volume, and density of snow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the positive impact of oil mining on communities at the Mittelplate reservoir?

<p>Collaboration with stakeholders, including governments and NGOs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety measure has contributed to the absence of oil spills at the Mittelplate reservoir?

<p>High standards of safety measures implemented (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key environmental initiative taken by Pan African Resources?

<p>Continuous reuse of process water in a closed loop circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are children in Japan prepared for earthquake emergencies?

<p>They participate in monthly earthquake drills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used in Japanese buildings to mitigate earthquake damage?

<p>Incorporating deep foundations and shock absorbers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does pollution and climate change have on children?

<p>It leads to respiratory illnesses and chronic diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes destructive waves?

<p>Backwash is stronger than swash. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do emergency kits in Japanese offices and homes include?

<p>Basic medical supplies, dry rations, and drinking water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of longshore drift?

<p>Transportation of sediment along the coastline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the chemical erosion of rocks?

<p>Corrosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do television and radio stations play during an earthquake in Japan?

<p>They switch to official earthquake coverage immediately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of transitioning to renewable energy according to the content?

<p>Reduction of CO2 emissions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of high and low tides?

<p>The gravitational pull of the moon and sun. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant contribution of the waste disposal system at the Mittelplate reservoir?

<p>Purification of wastewater from residential quarters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does abrasion have in coastal erosion?

<p>It grinds and wears down riverbanks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sediment during the process of constructive waves?

<p>It is deposited onto the beach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the zigzag movement of sediment along the coastline?

<p>Longshore drift. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mass movement play in coastal processes?

<p>It facilitates downhill movement of sediment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the arch collapses during coastal erosion?

<p>Stack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which landform is created by the erosion of a stack?

<p>Stump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the formation of a wave-cut platform?

<p>Hydraulic action and abrasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process responsible for the formation of spits?

<p>Longshore drift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how bays are formed?

<p>By the retreat of softer rock compared to harder rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do spits offer to coastal ecosystems?

<p>Create sheltered areas fostering diverse ecosystems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge faced by spits?

<p>Vulnerability to storm surges and rising sea levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The order of coastal erosion processes begins with which of the following?

<p>Cliff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the environmental solutions implemented to combat beach erosion?

<p>Beach nourishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a 'push factor' leading to migration?

<p>Natural disasters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emigration benefit the country of origin?

<p>Generates remittances for families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vegetation play in coastal management?

<p>Stabilizes the beach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'intervening obstacles' in migration?

<p>Land features that hinder movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is primarily considered a 'pull factor' for migration?

<p>Access to better education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does emigration have on birth rates in the country of origin?

<p>Reduces birth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the social benefits of migration mentioned in the content?

<p>Leads to social change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Disaster

A catastrophic event caused by nature or Earth's natural processes.

Tectonic Geophysical Processes

Processes caused by Earth's tectonic plates moving and interacting.

Geophysical Hazard Magnitude

The size of a geophysical hazard event, measured by energy or material.

Geophysical Hazard Frequency

Number of hazard events of a certain size in a given time.

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Plate Tectonics Theory

Scientific theory explaining how major landforms are created by Earth's movement.

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Earth's Lithosphere

Earth's outermost layer—crust and upper mantle—broken into plates.

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Hazard Magnitude Measurement

Using specific scales like Richter (earthquakes), Volcano Explosivity Index, Saffir-Simpson (hurricanes), and European Avalanche Danger Scales to measure hazard size.

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Geomorphological Hazard

Earth surface changes caused by erosion, deposition, or landform development; like landslides.

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Destructive wave

A wave that erodes land; backwash is stronger than swash, carrying sediment away.

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Constructive wave

A wave that deposits sediment; swash is stronger than backwash.

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Longshore wave

A wave that approaches the shore at an angle, causing longshore drift.

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Longshore drift

The movement of sediment along a coastline due to waves approaching at an angle.

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High tide

When water reaches its highest level on shore.

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Low tide

When water retreats to its lowest level, away from the shore.

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Swash

Water that moves up the beach.

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Backwash

Water that moves down the beach.

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Push Factors of Migration

Reasons that cause people to leave a place (e.g., lack of jobs, poverty).

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Pull Factors of Migration

Reasons that attract people to a new place (e.g., job opportunities, better living conditions).

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Transmigration (Indonesia)

Movement of populations from a crowded area to a less populated area; often government-sponsored.

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Overpopulation Consequences (Nigeria)

Negative effects of a large population, such as inadequate resources, pollution, and health problems.

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Water Cycle Source

The starting point of a river, where water gathers and flows together.

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Water Cycle Mouth

Where a river ends, usually emptying into larger body of water such as a sea or ocean.

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Sustainable Mining Impacts

Positive and negative effects on the environment and people from using natural resources, like coal.

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International Migration Case Study

Specific examples of people moving between countries, often focusing on the causes, effects, and challenges of this movement.

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Stump

A small, eroded remnant of a stack, formed when waves further erode a stack.

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Wave-cut platform

A flat, rocky surface that emerges from the sea, formed by constant wave erosion at the base of a cliff.

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Bay

A recessed area of coastline, formed when softer rock erodes faster than harder rock, creating a curve or indentation.

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Spit

A narrow, elongated stretch of beach that extends out into the sea, formed by the deposition of sediment.

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Order of Erosion

The sequence of landform development, starting with a cliff and ending with a stump: Cliff → Cave → Arch → Stack → Stump

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Sustainable Oil Mining

Extracting oil while minimizing environmental damage and considering future generations.

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Stakeholder Collaboration

Working with governments, NGOs, and other groups to improve community impact and resource management.

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Pollution impact on children

Environmental pollution and climate change negatively affect the resilience and equity of communities, particularly impacting children's developing immune systems in low-income countries.

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Earthquake-Proof Buildings

Buildings designed to withstand earthquakes, using strategies like deep foundations, shock absorbers, and base isolation that reduce shaking caused by earthquakes.

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Zero Liquid Discharge

The goal of completely preventing liquid waste from being released into the environment from industrial processes.

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Earthquake Drills

Regular practice exercises to prepare for earthquakes, often including simulations and emergency kit training.

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Sustainable Energy Transition

Switching to renewable energy sources like wind and solar to lower carbon emissions and avoid depleting mineral resources.

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Earthquake Emergency Kits

Kits containing basic supplies including food, water, and medical items for use during or after a disaster.

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Leak-Proof Basin

A steel and concrete basin designed to prevent leaks and keep water from contaminating the environment around an oil extraction facility.

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Wastewater Treatment

The purification of wastewater before releasing it into the environment, including treatment of residential and kitchen waste.

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Beach Nourishment

Adding sand to a beach to replace what has been eroded by waves.

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Salt-Tolerant Vegetation

Plants that can survive and thrive in salty environments, like near the ocean.

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Push Factor

A reason that forces people to leave a place due to negative conditions.

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Pull Factor

A reason that attracts people to a new place because of its positive features.

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Intervening Obstacle

Something that hinders or stops people from migrating to a place.

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Emigration

Leaving your country of origin to settle permanently in another country.

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Remittances

Money sent by migrants to their families in their home country.

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Social Change through Migration

When migrants bring new ideas and customs to their home country, impacting traditions and ways of life.

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Study Notes

Natural Disasters

  • Natural disasters are catastrophic events caused by nature or the Earth's natural processes.
  • Population density affects death tolls from disasters.

Tectonic Geophysical Processes

  • Tectonic geophysical processes are caused by the movement and interaction of Earth's tectonic plates.
  • Examples of natural disasters associated with tectonic processes include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.

Geomorphological Geophysical Processes

  • Geomorphological geophysical processes shape Earth's surface through erosion, deposition, and landform development.
  • Examples of natural disasters associated with geomorphological processes include landslides, avalanches, and rockfalls.

Atmospheric Geophysical Processes

  • Atmospheric geophysical processes involve Earth's atmosphere, often driven by weather patterns and climate variables.
  • Examples of natural disasters associated with atmospheric processes include hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and heatwaves.

Biological Geophysical Processes

  • Biological geophysical processes are linked to the interaction of living organisms with the environment.
  • Examples of natural disasters linked to biological processes include locust swarms, algal blooms, and pandemics caused by zoonotic diseases, such as COVID-19.

Magnitude

  • Magnitude is the size of a geophysical hazard event.
  • It is measured by the amount of energy or material produced by the event.
  • Magnitude for an earthquake is measured by the amount of energy released when two plates move past each other.
  • Magnitude for an avalanche is found by the speed, volume, and density of snow.

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Related Documents

Geography MYP 4 & 5 Notes PDF

Description

Explore the various types of natural disasters caused by geophysical processes, including tectonic, geomorphological, and atmospheric forces. Understand how population density can influence the impact of these catastrophic events on human life. This quiz delves into Earth's dynamic systems and their dramatic consequences.

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