Nationalism, Nations, and States

Conceptualizing Nationalism, Nations, and States

• "Nation," "state," and "country" are often used incorrectly.

Nationalism

• Nationalism drives international affairs.
• Nationalism contributes to revolutions and wars, the fall of empires, and the creation of new borders and states
• Nationalism sees the nation as the primary political and social unit.

Nations

• Nations are ethnic communities that evolve organically and share common myths, legends, and songs.
• Nations are communities of people with a shared identity based on social practices, unlike a state.
• The concept of a nation has been a key component of modern state machinery.

Revolutions and Nationalist Sentiments

• Revolutions in the British North American colonies in 1776 and France in 1789 served as models for nationalists.
• After the 1789 revolution, the French nation would be administered by its people.
• Despite efforts to revert to pre-revolutionary systems after the Napoleonic Wars through the Congress of Vienna in 1815, nationalist sentiments continued to rise.
• National communities in Europe sought political inclusion.
• 19th-century nationalism advocated self-determination.
• Self-determination challenged the legitimacy of European empires.
• Despite the defeat of nationalist revolutions in 1848, the underlying sentiments remained strong.
• Italy unified in 1861 after long division and Church control
• Self-determination was universally recognized after World War I in 1918.

Post-World War I Europe

• European countries established their own nation-states following World War I.
• Jeremy Bentham coined the term "international" in 1783.
• The international system still operates much like the Westphalian inter-state system.
• The role and importance of nationalism are questioned in current international politics
• Religion, culture, and ethnicity are potent elements in world politics, and nationalism is resurgent following the Cold War.

Understanding International Relations

• Isolating experiences from international relations is impossible today, impacting people's lives significantly.
• The study of international relations enables to comprehend of information from media
• Provides the tools to understand problems confronting policy makers.
• The world today is geographically, intellectually, and socially interconnected.
• International relations was initially studied as a branch of law, philosophy, or history.
• The University of Wales established the first university chair of international relations in 1919.
• There is no universally accepted precise defintion

Scope of International Relations

• International relations include a range of interactions among various entities
• Interactions include individuals, groups, firms, associations, governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
• Examples include international mail, foreign trade, Olympics bids, international conflict, and global conferences.
• In international relations and politics, participation is inevitable.
• Splendid isolation or complete control are impossible for any individual, people, nation, or state.
• Foreign contributions are necessary for sustaining progress.
• Every entity is a minority in an anarchic world.
• Absence of a common sovereign is a defining aspect.

Domestic vs International Politics

• Legal, political and social disparities exist between domestic and international politics.
• Domestic law: Is generally obeyed, enforced by police and courts and provides a government the legitimate use of force
• International Law (politics): Rests on competing legal systems with no common enforcement and has no one with a monopoly of force
• International politics: is often interpreted as self-help, but some states are more dominant than others.
• Shared loyalties are absent; disagreements on justice and legitimacy exist
• Domestic events may become international and affect foreign policy with examples like the SARS and avian flu outbreaks

Fundamental Natures of International Relations

• International relations are both important and complex.
• Philosophical disputes arise about its fundamental nature like Hobbesian vs. Locke, Realist vs. Idealist

Hobbes vs Locke

• Hobbes believed humans are in continual fear, always in danger and life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short
• Locke had an optimistic view, sociability was the strongest bond between men of equal status in a free society which meant that humans are not at war with each other
• Approaches to studying international relations are divided by Hobbes and Locke's views

Concepts of International Politics

• International politics is the art of achieving group goals when there are opposing groups, and involves power adjustment, using physical force leads to an intolerable population
• Sometimes this happens on the international stage - 2003 invasion of Iraq by a US coalition
• Alternatives to violence are available.
• Political dynamics include maintaining international order in an anarchical world.

Expanding International Arena

• The international relations and politics continue the expand
• There were no international organization in 1800 whereas now are organizations for almost every avtivity
• The United Nations Charter was signed in October 1945, and expanded from 189 to 192 states over time.
• Interdependence: individuals, businesses and organization have depend on each other.
• International relations and politics are necessary.
• Political power is uncentralized, unequal, power, bargaining, and coercion still have sway.

Nature and Evolution of International Relations

• In medieval Europe the sovereign state's rise involved complex overlapping jurisdictions and loyalties, and political power was concentrated locally
• Diversity was great with feudal lords, free cities and states ruled by clerics
• Medieval Europe had two institutions with power, the Catholic Church and the Empire

Catholic Church

• exercised spiritual atuthority which influenced many people's lives culturally and intellectually

Empire

• Known as the Holy Roman Empire, established in tenth century in Europe, it was a federation of separate political units
• Medieval Europe combined local and universal elements.
• The state started to emerge from the 14th century which simplified the system with states being located between the local and universal
• States were in simultaneous opposition to popes and emporers
• States made theselves independent and self-governing

Reformation and Independence from the Church

• The process: started in Italy, began playing the pope against the emperor
• In Germany: Popes fought with emporers over who gets to appoint bishops
• Members took the opportunity to declare independence
• Kings from France and England also began acting independently from the popes
• 1309-1377: The french forced the popes to move to Argignon in southern France
• In England, the king repealed the pope's rights to tax citizens
• Notion of unifying Europe broke down as the Church began to split in the sixteenth century with the reformation
• Martin Luther and John Calvin had formed their own denominations not under the church
• New churches aligned with states and kings such as Henry VIII, and Gustav Vasa took advantage of strife to further agendas
• The churches became state-run, properties became of the state
• Self assertive states picked fights with universal institutions and the kind rejected rules of other authorities, leading to war in parts of Europe
• Pesants rose up in protest of taxes leading to massive revolts in Germany in the 1520s as well with upheavals in Switzerland and England
• The noblity in France rose up in defense of traditional rights and in rebellion against the encroachments of the king
• The administrative system from the sixteenth century onwards improved, armies established to attack own citizens to defend from the states
• Early moddern state designed to extract recources from citizens
• State buildings became a concern, search for money was expensive.
• In return, state provided ordinary people with defense and justice

Era of Military Confrontation

• Early moddern Europe: conflicts shifted from local and universal authorities to competing states.
• Thirty years war: 1618-1648: the bloodiest, German population reduced by a third, often called a religious conflict because Catholic states confronted protestants
• Yet, sometimes protetants and catholics were on the same side depending on which had hegemony over Europe. France and Austria were main fighters Sweden also intervened.
• Westphalia, 1648: concluded 30 years of warfare
• Symbolize international politics, matter of relations between states and nothing else.
• The states were legally soveriegn.
• Each nation claimed exclusive rights to make own decisions.
• There was no overarching power between all sovreign equal states , leading to anarchy.

The Practices of Diplomacy

• Relationships: Got complicated
• Ambassadirs: Started dispatching to avoid misunderstandings which started diplomatic network to obtain information and keepin in touch, including deals.
• Practices: Extraterritorial rights and immunity given to embassies

Diplomacy

• Dispatch are inviolable, meaning that diplomatic practices never prevented war, however the war continued to be common
• Model: The european model of state came to organize international politics
• 19th century: Relations were irrevocably transformed b/c of economic changes from Europe
• Europe Industrial revolution: more mass production so mass markets

19th Century Colonialism

• By the end others wanted colonies in Africa for power and most was in European hands
• The European states spread but not directly
• Colorized states dont have autonomy
• Europeans controlled states were a project of all noneuropean leaders
• All had territoties, soveriegn borders, capital, armies, anthem, etc
• Whether other states ever were discussed

Actors in IR

• Traditionally focussed on states

IR Evolution

• Since broaded to include international operations, multinational corporations.

State Actors

• 195 stats
• Have own capitals and armies and all
• Claim to be soveriegn by governing own territories
• Talk about politics being on a world stage. International v domestic
• Anarch
• hierarch

The State

• Important in IR
• Can always be challenged
• Firms organizations and inter government institutions
• MNC
• Often headquarters in state, but operations are outside of them
• Trans gov. organization
• State is primary actor
• For centuries, inter. Rel. was only between countries and nothing else
• But now we look wider, not just security

Social and Individual State Importance

• Not so meaningful
• If look at world, boarders dont work anymore
• Majority o global is finance, etc.
• Focus on nonstate has changed

World vs Nation

• Could see it as shift away. From inter nation, to transnational etc.
• World: all the issues are confined
• Need to see global with these issues
• Follow altered trends in affairs: Groups and individuals interact across boarders
• Air travel and the spread of information increased interaction and people
• Transfair info

Social Media

• Platforms from communication
• Project
• Progression revolutionary agendas unfold more.

IR Analysis

• Not so much for level
• Singer- studying aspects of something
• Clear of levels prevent cherry picking for research.

The System

• 50's scholarly focussed analysis
• Whalts man, state, and war
• 1959
• Framework: what referred to
• Analysis of issues
• Individual
• State
• Int. System
• Motivavtion and beliefs of individuals, affecting international phonomon
• Emotions of peoples decisions
• Fears visions access capacity.

State analysis

• factors, leaders, infkucnes desciona

Group Analysis

• break analyst certain kinds
• they relate to it etc

State Analysis

• Remains focused main unit analysis/

Level on analysis being state centralism

Conceives state for types actors

• officials and decisions makers operate.

• Fromewrok that encapsilates society

• Main position power

• State where primarily and managed in state, domestic cohesion internally

• States: form UN

State Analysis

State analysis look from following

• Actors rignt
• Interact crisis
• How react.

State Level Study

• Careful types state
• How polity
• Historical standing
• Foreign Policy of states, key statements of Politicians rols of buescratic
• System: conceive of global systems and conwts

System level

• Level: state
• Dictribution of power
• Inioparity one power dominant
• • two
• milt polarity
• Global cirmstnces seen to conitn state grps

Power system

Global structure

• government that regulations and controls
• Anarchy.

Systems. State etc.

• Generally Distinguish
• System state
• But group is important.
• System studies can include developments outside states control

Political Power System

• Usually distribute like systems

• reflect level of power and relatip

• One power.

• bipolar

• power less join

• invaluable of zero politics.

• Multipler

• History very common The Power

• Currwncy politics

• determines influence

• international, is essentially about actors power domains

Important think

• M. Argues int politucs strugfle

Power

• Blood line
• relational terms
• what B did,

What they couldn't

• Balnce is what makes differnce

US

• Manage Russia.

Power

• absense govern, global levels world
• breaks laws decentralized system where rules comon
• Look after temselees.
• Reliance
• allignce
• Power in alligbnce more

Asquitions

• New constsnt threat war,

Soveriegnity

• authority.
• Ext involvement
• Doublt claim for system Autos.

Interrelation theories

• Politics accessible.
• Acrosss state, involung all
• Theories - allow under stand and lens

Theories overview

Ideal and theory is utopia

• World view huma not achieve. Value for liberals
• If Share then less conflict.

President Wilson To Create nation

Liberal intersationalism

• Led to
• End war
• Preperations Democrocacy, and all

Colective and intern

• based responsibility

International Law

• Customary to bind each other
• Co operation
• System member
• Purpose is too regístre states
• framework , clarity of concpet
• 2 functions.
• interactions
• system
• vaules of interatuons
• Law to these scolar: No la w
• law

Realism

Tranfformed as front E.H Carr

• years in crisis
• Called scliecne should away
• Carr text awat from polt cs Argues that bvalue are context bound. That conditio.

Assumpation

View Int. Sytem anarch

• Inter Law. Ineffective
• Realas rooted and all. Hans M

States" interest

Politus power theories relatioms. Consistency value testy. Bull

Hobbs view

• Living odrles state, heperceived war.

Power shift

_ Wartz - Neo realism.

• Focus - accont of constraints state belsviour War. Liberal, etc Nature.
• Inherebtly good

Realists

Behvee conflict navoidable.

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Stuctrualis,Marxas

_ Marxist . divided business class, the work .

• Controlling living

Marxism Hope

Event to to class society

• concentrated is system inequalities North South _Exploiration labir Exploitoan States subgjgats Consemdnes

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benefits some

Plsuralizm. Vfewed _ Inequwlrt. Most of writers from latin amwrica

COnstritivism

• middle
• value and interset Awendt agente, and struct
• Phar see statws relstsons people
• could change with indidls

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