Nationalism in the Philippines

• RA 1425 aimed to prepare students for the professional world by instilling a sense of nationalism using Rizal's life and principles.
• 1946 marks Philippine Independence Day.
  • A decade later, Filipinos began adopting American culture due to the high demand for nurses in the United States.
• 1956 saw the passage of a bill related to nationalism.
  • Effectiveness varied; some felt it raised awareness, while others believed people were not fully embracing it.
• Nationalism is a construct that exists as a principle.
• Universities apply nationalism differently:
  • UST aims to develop professionals dedicated to regional and national advancement through liberal education.
  • Ateneo focuses on Rizal and the birth of Filipino Nationalism.

National Identity

• National historians represent the whole nation and unite its history with nationalist ideals.
  • Renato Constantino
  • Teodoro Agoncillo
• UP's approach differs, allowing students to learn from their mistakes.
• The Philippines is a pre-colonial nation shaped by colonization.
• Questioning the seriousness of religious scholars who are fundamentalists is valid.
• A patriot is a symbol of the nation.
• A nation is a cultural entity.
  • The "Baranganic" nature of the Philippines hinders nation-building.
• Nations can be viewed as perpetual, natural, long-lasting entities, or as constructs.
• Modernists believe nations are constructs of the modern era.
• Historical periods like the French Revolution (1780s) and the American Revolution (1776) are widely accepted.
  • The American Revolution transferred power from colonizers without changing the status quo.
• Ernest Gellner provides insight into nationalism.

Nations and Nationalism

• Manuel Quezon and Ferdinand Marcos Sr are examples of populist presidents
• Rodrigo Duterte isn't considered a nationalist president, because of his relationship with China.
• The MILF creates two nations in one state.
• Nations are products of the industrial revolution per Eric Hobsbawm.
  • Nationalism creates nations, and elites lead most of them in a top-down manner.
• Benedict Anderson (Marxist perspective): nations not revolutionist or constructive, an imagined community using Rizal's ideas.
• Nationalism has civic and ethnic forms, amalgamated in the Philippine context.
• Nationalism emphasizes remembering the past and enshrining Rizal.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521 and died in a conflict.
• The early modern period began in the 1450s.
• A transition occurred from the Medieval Ages to the Industrial Period.
• Industrialization to World War I marked the Philippines' discovery by Magellan.

Absolutism and Mercantilism

• The Age of Absolutism: kings determined people's lives leading to the French Revolution.
• Mercantilism assumes wealth is fixed, based on tangible assets, and is a zero-sum game where one's gain is another's loss.
• Economics is a battlefield with tangible assets measured in gold and silver.
  • Silver, in forms like "Piso de ocho", was more common than gold.
• Spain rose as the most powerful country in the 1500s and colonized the Philippines.
• "Laissez Faire" - advocates for letting the economy run its course.
  • This concept originated in France and Great Britain.
• Autocratic systems - rulers make decisions, while democracies involve public opinion.

Social Classes in the Philippines in the 19th Century

• England - champion of industrial revolution
• Rizal's birth happened during this period
• The 19th-century Philippines had five social classes based on race:
  • Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, held the highest positions.
  • Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines had fewer rights.
  • Mestizos: Mixed-race individuals.
  • Indios: Majority of the population.
  • Sangleyes: Chinese, occupied the lowest class.
• Economic classes:
  • Principalia were based on income, while the Illustrados served as Intermediaries for the Spaniards
• The Clase Media was the middle class
  • It consisted of educated individuals and was an outcome of the Laissez Faire
• Pobres Ignorantes was the lowest economic class
  • Chinese Pobres Ignorantes lived in the worst circumstances.
• The pre-colonial system had one datu and one babaylan.
• The Capitalist system allows upward mobility
• Mestizos and Sangleyes changed Philippine society by
  • intermarrying with Principalia to climb the social ladder to gain money and land (for their children)
• Mestizos inherited land and money from Chinese ancestors.
• Conversely Sangleyes only had money.
• Tratment of Chinese communities during the 1603 Sangley Rebellion was poor.
  • It culminated in a big massacre
• Intramuros - largest fort in the Philippines.
• Don Antonio Maura was a senator and congressman.

Land and the Church

• Properties should have titles
• The Maura Law of 1894 required farmers and landholders to register agricultural lands within a year.
  • Chinese mestizos acquired land from those who couldn't read or write.
• Rizal was descended from the Chinese Mestizos
• The return of the Jesuits was critical to the rise of "burgis" like Rizal with grades mattering more than social background
  • It resulted in developments like the Ateneo Municipal and Normal School (1865).
• The opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1834 allowed access to European ideas and culture.
• The 1869 opening of the Swiss Canal improved transportation to the country.
• Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps created suez canal
  • Mohammed Said Pasha, Khedive of Egypt charged for entry which resulted in a crisis
• Juan Prim, 1868, is a relevant figure.
• Reformists wanted change to the Spanish System
  • Carlos Maria De La Torre sent to the Philippines
  • Implemented "Forced Labor
• GomBurZa execution
• Spain's drastic last year change happened in 1812.
• Regular Sectors (Peninsulares) & Secular Sectors have differences
  • (Insulares / Indios / Sangleys)
• Secularization Movement was started by Padre Pedro Pelaez.
  • It was fought by GomBurZa and Caused by the Return of the Jesuits
• GomBurza were Spanish people fighting for space.
• Filipinos are "not" Peninsulares
• Harsh economic institutions, like taxation without representation.

Impact on Philippine Society and Rizal's Upbringing

• Polo y Servicios, Encomiendas (forced labor), and other forms of oppression affected the Philippines.
• Filipinos had no rights and lacked a clear identity
• Peninsulares served as "glue" despite origins.
• Travel and the removal of Burgos led to the personal struggle of Regular Sectors
• Three events of Emancipation are related to Rizal:
  • learning about Burgos through Paciano
  • the rise of the Katipunan
  • Rizal's execution.

Rizal's Family Background

• Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda's parents were Rizal Mercado (father) and Alonzo Realonda (mother).
• Rizal's paternal great-great-grandfather was Cue Yi Lam
  • He migrated from Amoy, China, and baptized on a Sunday in 1697.
• Changed family name to Domingo Lam-co
  • Married a Chinese mestiza, Ines de la Rosa, later changed it to Mercado, due to the Sinophobia
  • Domingo Mercado belonged to Sangleyes
• Domingo (Sangleyes) – Francisco (Sangleyes)
• Juan (Chinese-Mestizo) – Francisco held public office in Biñan, Laguna.
• Juan Mercado and Reclassified his clan to "Chinese-Mestizo"
• Francisco Mercado, Rizal's father, was the last of 13 children and migrated to Calamba, Laguna
  • Graduated from the Colegio de San Jose de Manila
  • He ended up as a farmer
  • Francisco married Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos and became a Cabeza de Barangay.
  • Adopted the last name Rizal following the Claverian decree.
• Rizal came from an agricultural background, known to be a "farmer"
• Claverian, Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, ordered last names to be Spanish

Family Life and Context

• There were no existing last names, this was needed to differentiate people from physical attributes, character, class etc.
• Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos was Claimed lineage ro Raja Landula of Tondo
• First who educated Rizal and Rizal tells that it was his mother who is his first chapter
• Curiosity leads to ambition of Rizal family
• Saturnina Rizal was the Eldest child of the Rizal- Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo
• Paciano Rizal educated at San Jose College in Manila died as a farmer .
• The Rizal's were really invested to it - that is the revolution even if they were elite
• Ancestors of Rizal were in the public office
• Calamba Agrarian Problem

Siblings And Early Education

• Siblings: Saturnina, Paciano, Narcissa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad
  • Saturnina eldest and gave ring to rizal when he went to Europe
  • Paciano stayed behind in the Philipppines
• Rizal's first teacher at age 3 was his mother
• Moth and Flame symbolizes Rizal's journey and the dangers of nationalism
• As as child rizal drew.
• Mentor Celestino and Lucas Padua were mentors to Jose
• Also tutored by classmate of rizal's father Mentor Leon monroy that died
• Taught by these Uncles
  • Made Rizal love literature and drawing, Gregorio
  • Jose a teacher who covered Rizal’s regular classes
  • Manuel - taught physical exercise
• Paciano took 9 year old Rizal to Binan to see mentor Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz
  • Rizal learns painting in free time with him
  • Private tutor setting rather than formal school
• There was animosity in the classroom
• Further study was recommended by schoolmaster, but the mother feared the society

Lessons and Education

• Realities outside classrooms was that Rizal learned from the Teniente
• There was injustice and they were close as family
• Rizal scared of classmate Paciano was killed and he wanted to stay out
• Riizal saw some justice and was sent to Atenco, however he was turned away
• Don Manuel Xerxes Intercedes who is assigned/some sort of head in the school
• Riza then boards at house of lady who owed the family P300
• Fr. Jose Bech divides class into Empires like Carthaginians and Romans
• Rizal took Spanish lessons with Don Agustin Saez
• Riuals favorite book was The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexandre Dumas)
• The Count of Monte Cristo (Alexandre Dumas
• ultimate goal of education was the people (because he is a nationalist)
• Rizal proposed further studies and became a surveyor the mother disapproves
• Bulied by both students and teachers that are from a school

Studies

• Contempt for Caucasians increased as he studied
• The specter comparison to Rizal did not get his degree as he studied
• Rizal stuff his day with activities or scholar
• The first trip he look was one of a mission
• With Php28 left he left to barca as 1st class citizen

Trips & Accusations

• The word glorious is inadequate to describe
• The accused was
• Rizal presents himself as German as they leave country the Clinic proceeds went to localgymnasium
• They left for spain the calamity farmers they die when Rizal left,

Travels

• From Hong Kong he went to
• He did the world tour.
• Rizal received bad new from there which included accusations that ""the filpinos love rother fish""
• The aim
• In Spain he was arrested but later shipped back to the Filipino.
• When

More Facts

• He wanted his family to give to the school for those who did
• As for the new in what they saw which gave a free place in and got
• Rizal prepared to Dapitan
• Rizal was interested to that is the God
• They also gave to those who was what can

Details

• Contempt for Caucasians.
• Studying medicine at Universidad Central de Madrid.
• Specialization in ophthalmology.
• Didn't earn a diploma in medicine.
• The synthesis of
• 1st trip spectre was

Travels and Writings

• Rizal did not get his work was.
• Riizal left secret as
• There was also at the time.
• These were also to the Did not get.