Questions and Answers
What was a key issue that alienated a large section of Muslims from the Congress?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates.
True
What did Sir Muhammad Iqbal state about the importance of separate electorates?
He stated that they were an important safeguard for Muslim political interests.
The image of Bharat Mata was first created by _____.
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Which flag design was associated with Gandhiji during the national movement?
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What significant impact did the First World War have on the National Movement in India?
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How was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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The strategies to promote Indian nationalism included the glorification of a Hindu past.
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What actions did participants take during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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Peasants refused to pay taxes during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
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Why was the Salt March considered an effective symbol of resistance?
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The Congress leadership tried to channel people's grievances into organized movements for _____ under Gandhi.
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What led to the arrest of Congress leaders during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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Match the following individuals with their contributions to nationalism in India:
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What was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
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Which group founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)?
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Business classes uniformly supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
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What did women do during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was Mahatma Gandhi's view on untouchability?
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What was the Poona Pact?
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How did people in India begin discovering their unity?
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What was the strategy used by Mahatma Gandhi in the anti-colonial movement?
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Mahatma Gandhi believed that physical force was necessary to fight the oppressor.
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What was the main consequence of the Rowlatt Act?
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The Jallianwala Bagh incident occurred on ______, leading to widespread unrest.
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What was the purpose of the Khilafat Committee formed in 1919?
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What did Gandhi believe would happen if Indians refused to cooperate with British rule?
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The Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1921.
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What was the initial participation base of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement?
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Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from ______ in January 1915.
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What was the impact of the boycott movement on the import of foreign cloth between 1921 and 1922?
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The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms decreased during the boycott movement.
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Who led the peasant movement in Awadh?
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The term 'begar' refers to ______.
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What was a primary demand of the peasant movement?
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Alluri Sitaram Raju supported the use of non-violence in the liberation struggle.
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What did the plantation workers in Assam believe freedom meant?
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Which act prohibited plantation workers from leaving tea gardens without permission?
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What symbolic demand did Mahatma Gandhi focus on during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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The slogan 'Go back Simon' was coined in response to the ______.
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The Lahore Congress in December 1929 declared 'Purna Swaraj' as a demand for full independence.
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Study Notes
Emergence of Nationalism in India
- Modern nationalism in Europe led to the formation of nation-states and redefined identities.
- Nationalism in India connected deeply with the anti-colonial movement and the common struggle against colonial oppression.
- Unity among diverse groups developed as a response to shared experiences of colonial hardships.
- Social divisions influenced perceptions of freedom; various classes experienced colonialism differently.
- Mahatma Gandhi aimed to unify these groups under the Indian National Congress, though conflicts arose.
Impact of World War I and Economic Changes
- World War I increased defense expenditures, leading to higher taxes and severe inflation (doubling prices from 1913 to 1918).
- Agricultural failures and an influenza epidemic from 1918-1921 resulted in widespread famine, claiming 12-13 million lives.
- Social unrest stemmed from recruitment of soldiers in rural areas and acute food shortages.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Philosophy of Satyagraha
- Gandhi returned to India in 1915 after implementing successful protests in South Africa.
- Satyagraha emphasized truth and non-violence as tools for resistance against injustice.
- This approach encouraged persuading oppressors to recognize the truth rather than using force.
Key Movements
- In 1916, Gandhi organized satyagraha in Champaran against oppressive plantation practices, followed by efforts in Kheda district regarding revenue collection.
- The Rowlatt Act of 1919 sparked a nationwide satyagraha; it allowed for imprisonment without trial, leading to mass protests.
Jallianwala Bagh Incident
- On April 13, 1919, General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a peaceful gathering, resulting in hundreds of deaths and widespread anger across North India.
- The incident galvanized further protests and intensified the call for independence, highlighting brutal colonial repression.
The Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation
- The defeat of the Ottoman Empire after WWI inspired the Khilafat Movement, aiming to support the Khalifa and unite Hindus and Muslims.
- Gandhi advocated for a Non-Cooperation Movement to reject British authorities, encouraging boycotts of British institutions and goods.
Implementation of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Launched in January 1921, the movement attracted diverse social classes, with varying aspirations for Swaraj (self-rule).
- Urban middle-class participation included students leaving schools, professionals boycotting jobs, and mass protests against foreign goods influencing the economy.
- Foreign cloth imports drastically declined due to boycott efforts, while local production increased as Indian textiles gained popularity.
Challenges and Slowdown of the Movement
- Non-Cooperation faced hurdles, such as the higher cost of khadi (Indian cloth) compared to mill-made goods, affecting accessibility for lower-income groups.
- The movement slowed as the need for viable Indian alternatives to British institutions became apparent, revealing the complexities of achieving broad participation and success.### The Non-Cooperation Movement and Peasant Struggles
- Government schools and courts gradually reopened as the Non-Cooperation Movement extended into rural areas.
- Awadh's peasant movement, led by Baba Ramchandra, protested against high rents imposed by landlords.
- Peasants faced exploitation through "begar," forced labor without payment, lacking security of tenure.
- Demands included rent reduction, abolition of begar, and social boycotts against oppressive landlords.
- Local panchayats organized "nai-dhobi bandhs" to deny services to landlords.
- Jawaharlal Nehru mobilized peasant grievances and established the Oudh Kisan Sabha, rapidly expanding its branches.
- As tensions rose in 1921, some peasant actions turned violent, leading to attacks on merchants and officials, misinterpreting Gandhi's call for tax refusal and land redistribution.
Violence and Non-Violence
- On January 6, 1921, police fired on protesting peasants in Rae Bareli, prompting Nehru to advocate for non-violence amidst escalating tensions.
- Tribal interpretations of Gandhi’s message varied, leading to guerrilla movements, especially in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
- Alluri Sitaram Raju emerged as a leader, promoting both Gandhi's principles and armed resistance, which contrasted with the Congress's non-violent stance.
Workers' Perspective
- For Assam's plantation workers, "freedom" included the right to return to their villages.
- Under the Inland Emigration Act, they needed permission to leave plantations, leading to mass defiance during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- Many workers aimed to return home but faced police brutality en route.
The Shift Towards Civil Disobedience
- In February 1922, Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement due to rising violence and the necessity for training in non-violent protest.
- Internal dissent emerged in Congress regarding participation in existing political structures versus pursuing radical mass actions.
- The 1929 Lahore Congress formalized the demand for “Purna Swaraj” or complete independence, designating January 26, 1930, as Independence Day.
Salt March and Civil Disobedience
- Gandhi’s strategy included a focus on salt, symbolizing oppression via taxation—a unifying issue for all social classes.
- On March 11, 1930, failing negotiations led Gandhi to initiate the Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi, covering over 240 miles in 24 days.
- The Salt March was not just a march; it marked the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, urging widespread law-breaking and tax refusal.
Escalation and Government Response
- The Civil Disobedience Movement saw various acts of defiance against British laws, including salt law violations, boycott of foreign goods, and evasion of taxes.
- British authorities responded with repression, arresting Congress leaders and inciting widespread demonstrations, especially after Ghaffar Khan’s and Gandhi’s arrests.
- A massive crackdown on protesters resulted in violence and the detention of approximately 100,000 individuals.
- In March 1931, Gandhi entered the Gandhi-Irwin Pact to negotiate and attend the Round Table Conference, leading to a temporary pause in the movement after the London negotiations failed.
Conclusion
- Diverse interpretations of Swaraj created a mosaic of resistance against colonial rule, embodying varied struggles across India.
- The period highlighted both the unity and divergence among social and political movements, as well as the complexity of India's path towards independence.### Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) and Civil Disobedience Movement
- Founded in 1928 at Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi, HSRA aimed to oppose British rule.
- Key leaders included Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das, and Ajoy Ghosh.
- Engaged in high-profile acts against British symbols; notable actions included a bomb in the Legislative Assembly in April 1929.
- Bhagat Singh, aged 23, advocated for revolution over violence during his trial and was ultimately executed by the colonial government.
Participation of Social Groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement
- Rich peasant communities (Patidars, Jats) supported the movement due to trade depression affecting their commercial crop incomes.
- They organized community efforts and expressed discontent over high revenue demands, but withdrew support when the movement was halted without revenue adjustments in 1931.
- Poorer peasantry, often small tenants, sought relief from rent burdens, joining radical movements led by Socialists and Communists as Congress hesitated to address these issues.
Business Classes and Their Economic Interests
- Indian merchants and industrialists gained wealth during World War I and sought to counter colonial business restrictions.
- They formed organizations like the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (1927) to advocate for swaraj.
- Initial enthusiasm waned post-Round Table Conference failure due to concerns over militant activities and the rise of socialism within Congress.
Workers and Women's Participation
- Industrial workers largely remained aloof from the movement, with limited participation mostly in urban areas, focusing on issues like low wages and working conditions.
- Strikes occurred in 1930 and 1932 among railway and dock workers, although the Congress was reluctant to directly address workers' needs.
- Women played a significant role, motivated by Gandhi's call, participating in protests and salt manufacturing, marking their first substantial public involvement.
Dalit Participation and Political Identity
- 'Untouchables', known as dalits, largely felt excluded from the Congress's initiatives, seeking separate political solutions.
- Gandhi promoted social integration and worked to eradicate untouchability but faced resistance from dalit leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
- The Poona Pact of 1932 established reserved seats for the Depressed Classes in councils, which were to be elected by the general electorate, reflecting ongoing tensions.
Muslim Community's Response to the Movement
- Following the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, many Muslims felt alienated from the Congress, driven by rising communal tensions.
- Leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for separate electorates to protect Muslim interests, emphasizing the need for their cultural development.
- Iqbal's statements reinforced the validity of the Muslim push for distinct political representation, citing communalism as a necessary aspect of India's diversity.
Nationalism and Collective Identity
- Nationalism in India developed as people recognized shared identities and unity, forming a collective national consciousness.
- The idea of a nation was bolstered through a sense of belonging, reinforced by prominent figures and movements that transcended regional and communal divisions.
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Description
Explore the emergence of modern nationalism in India through key symbols, songs, and ideas in this educational quiz. Delve into the historical context and the processes that forged a new national identity. Understand how this consciousness emerged and redefined community boundaries.
