History of the Two-Nation Theory
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Questions and Answers

The genealogy of the two-nation theory is generally traced to ______.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Rahmat Ali presented his ideas in the pamphlet titled 'India: The Continent of ______ or the Country of Doom'.

Dinia

Rahmat Ali's supracommunal Dinia Continental Movement aimed to reverse the processes of ______.

Indianism

Iqbal’s political vision of the future for Indian Muslims was characterized as an exercise in ______.

<p>imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muhammad Ali Jinnah described himself as a 'cold-blooded ______'.

<p>logician</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was condemned in a textbook for being 'a staunch ______' and 'an Un-Islamic minded man'.

<p>Communist</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Munir Report found that no two religious divines could agree on the definition of a ______.

<p>Muslim</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-Muslims were variously referred to as kuffar, zimmis, or ______.

<p>mu'ahids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wali Khan critiques the Muslim League leaders for not launching any movement or rendering any ______ for independence.

<p>sacrifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wali Khan, the Muslim League played no role in liberating the land from British ______.

<p>slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Khudai Khidmatgars were rejected because they allied with the ______ to oust the British.

<p>congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

After independence, Muslim Leaguers rushed to appropriate the property of ______ as if it were their birthright.

<p>Hindus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wali Khan describes the behavior of minority-province Muslim League leaders as ______ and irresponsible.

<p>selfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wali Khan believes these rulers claimed higher moral ground by exploiting ______.

<p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

The language now known as Urdu began to be used in Mughal courts in the year ______.

<p>1772</p> Signup and view all the answers

The earliest printed source supporting the theory regarding the language was written by Mir Amman Dehalvi and is titled ______.

<p>Bagho-Bahar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biggest threat to Aurangzeb’s empire was ____________.

<p>Shivaji Bhonsle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aurangzeb’s brother who translated the Upanishads into Persian was ____________.

<p>Dara Shikoh</p> Signup and view all the answers

The city built by Akbar was ____________.

<p>Fatehpur Sikri</p> Signup and view all the answers

The architecture of the neo-Gothic ____________ in Bombay was similar to colonial buildings in London.

<p>Victoria Terminus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jamsetji Tata was involved in the manufacturing of ____________ in Bihar.

<p>Tata Iron and Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

The canal colonies in the Punjab made commercial agriculture a ‘__________ story.’

<p>success</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British cultivated the Muslim leadership in India as a potential bulwark of ____________.

<p>stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Akbar Allahabadi reminded loyalist Muslims of the few crumbs held out to them by the British in ____________.

<p>Allahabad</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Nizam’s dynasty lasted for over two centuries in ______.

<p>Deccan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first British EIC factory was established in ______.

<p>Surat</p> Signup and view all the answers

The event known as the ‘Black Hole of ______’ involved the imprisonment of British soldiers.

<p>Calcutta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nabobs gained their name from the Mughal term for governor, which is ______.

<p>nawab</p> Signup and view all the answers

After Partition, the majority of the non-Muslim population in Pakistani Punjab was forced to leave, except for a few pockets of ______.

<p>Sikhs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word ______ became legally significant in discussions about citizenship laws in post-independence Pakistan.

<p>Intend</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the Citizenship Law of ______, many Hindus and Sikhs lost their right to return to Pakistan.

<p>1951</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term preferred by the Pakistani state for migrants from India was ______.

<p>Muhajireen</p> Signup and view all the answers

A popular route to survival for higher caste groups of non-Muslims was conversion to ______.

<p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

Section 7 of the Citizenship Act of 1951 automatically denied any claim to Pakistani citizenship to anyone who had left areas that constituted ______ after March 1947.

<p>Pakistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pakistan could not afford a return of Hindus and Sikhs because their residencies had been taken up by ______.

<p>bureaucrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of Muslims leaving Pakistan was far greater than those of Hindus allowed to return to ______ or Singh.

<p>Bengal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-Muslim members of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly could secure more fluid ______ regimes and minimum border restrictions.

<p>visa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gandhi formed an alliance with Muslim supporters of the ______ khilafat to secure Congress approval for non-cooperation.

<p>Ottoman</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gandhi was born in the province of ______, where he also set up his first ashram.

<p>Gujrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gandhi's chosen successor was Indian politician ______.

<p>Jawaharlal Nehru</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement called off by Gandhi after the ______ incident led him to go on a five-day fast.

<p>Chaura Chauri</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British Prime Minister ______ dismissed Gandhi by calling him a ‘half-naked fakir’.

<p>Winston Churchill</p> Signup and view all the answers

The episode that first brought Gandhi international attention was the ______ March.

<p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Congress President who said, 'I am proud of being an Indian' was ______.

<p>Maulana Azad</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jinnah demanded the Partition of ______ and Bengal.

<p>Punjab</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Two-Nation Theory Genealogy

The idea that Hindus and Muslims are separate nations with distinct identities and interests.

Rahmat Ali's 'Dinia'

A concept of a continental homeland for seven non-Indian nations, including Pakistan and Bangistan, challenging the idea of a unified India.

Iqbal's Vision for Muslims

Iqbal's vision for Indian Muslims is debated as either a practical response or a creative imaginative concept.

Jinnah's Self-Description

Muhammad Ali Jinnah described himself as a 'cold-blooded logician', emphasizing his rational approach to politics.

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Bhutto's Regime Condemnation

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime was criticized in a textbook for being communist and un-Islamic.

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Munir Report Findings

The Munir Report investigated the 1953 anti-Ahmadi riots in Punjab and revealed the difficulty in defining a Muslim, even among religious scholars.

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Non-Muslim Rights in Islamic State

According to some interpretations, non-Muslims may not have equal rights in an Islamic state.

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Muslim Loyalty in Non-Muslim State

Some believe that a true Muslim cannot be a loyal citizen of a non-Muslim state.

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Jagir System

A system where nobles were granted the right to collect taxes from specific lands in exchange for their service to the Mughal Empire. This system aimed to prevent nobles from amassing too much power in one region.

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Shivaji Bhonsle

A Maratha king who posed the biggest threat to Aurangzeb's Mughal Empire. He challenged Mughal authority and established an independent Maratha kingdom.

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Dara Shikoh

Aurangzeb's brother, known for his liberal views. He translated the Upanishads into Persian, attempting to bridge the gap between Islamic and Hindu thought.

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Fatehpur Sikri

A city built by Mughal Emperor Akbar. It served as the capital of the empire for a short period.

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Victoria Terminus

A prominent building in Bombay (now Mumbai) completed in 1887. It showcased British architectural influence and India's position within the British Empire.

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Tata Iron and Steel

A pioneering Indian company founded by Jamsetji Tata, known for its role in steel production and industrial development.

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Canal Colonies

Areas in Punjab that were developed with irrigation canals, leading to increased agricultural output and economic prosperity.

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Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1901

A law in Punjab that restricted the transfer of land ownership outside of the agricultural classes, aimed at protecting the interests of farmers.

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Conversion to Islam

A popular method for higher caste groups or propertied non-Muslims to stay or return to Pakistan after partition.

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Section 7 of the Citizenship Act of 1951

A provision that denied Pakistani citizenship to anyone leaving areas constituting Pakistan after March 1947, specifically targeting Hindus and Sikhs.

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Why couldn't Hindus and Sikhs return to Pakistan?

Their homes were occupied by bureaucrats, and Pakistan was concerned about overpopulation.

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Muslim migration vs. Hindu/Sikh return

More Muslims left Pakistan than Hindus and Sikhs were allowed to return to India.

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Concessions for Non-Muslims

Non-Muslim members of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly secured more flexible visa regimes and fewer border restrictions for non-Muslims.

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Wali Khan's Critique

Wali Khan criticizes the Muslim League for not contributing to India's independence and instead, focusing on their own self-interest.

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Muslim League's Sacrifice?

Wali Khan argues that the Muslim League didn't actually contribute much to India's independence fight, despite claiming credit for it.

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Khudai Khidmatgars' Role

Wali Khan highlights how the Khudai Khidmatgars' sacrifices, despite working with the Congress, were disregarded by the Muslim League.

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Muslim League's Actions After Independence

After India's independence, Muslim League leaders seized the property of Hindus, claiming it was their birthright.

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Muslim League Leaders' Escape

Wali Khan criticizes Muslim League leaders for abandoning the poor Muslims in India and moving to Pakistan for their own benefit.

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Muslim League's Historical Manipulation

Wali Khan accuses Muslim League leaders of rewriting history to present themselves as heroes when they actually acted for their self-interest.

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Urdu-e-Mualla

The term used in the early Mughal era for the language commonly referred to today as Urdu; it means 'the exalted camp, or court'

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Urdu's Emergence in Mughal Court

The language we know as Urdu came to be used in the Mughal courts in 1772 during the rule of Shah Alam II when he moved to Delhi.

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Joint-stock organization

A business venture where multiple investors pool their money to share risks and profits. It allowed for greater capital and resources compared to traditional partnerships.

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Exports from India (17th century)

Indian goods highly sought after in European markets during the 17th century included textiles, iron and steel goods.

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First British EIC factory

The initial British East India Company trading post was established in Surat, India.

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Black Hole of Calcutta

A tragic event during the 1756 siege of Calcutta, where British soldiers were imprisoned in a small, poorly ventilated room, resulting in many deaths from suffocation overnight.

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Diwani

The right granted by the Mughal emperor to the British East India Company to collect revenue from certain territories, effectively granting them administrative control.

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Nabobs

Wealthy and influential British officials in India who amassed huge fortunes through exploiting their position, often living lavish lifestyles.

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Migration from India to Pakistan (after Partition)

The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 resulted in the mass migration of people across the newly formed borders, with many Hindus and Sikhs leaving Pakistan and many Muslims migrating to Pakistan from India.

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Intend (in Pakistani citizenship)

This word gained legal significance in Pakistan's citizenship laws, as it became a key factor in determining who could claim citizenship in the new nation.

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Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement

A nationwide campaign of nonviolent resistance launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to oppose British rule in India. It involved boycotting British goods, institutions, and laws.

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Chauri Chauri Incident

A violent clash between protesters and police in 1922 in Chauri Chauri, India, where protesters set fire to a police station, resulting in the deaths of several police officers. This incident led Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Jinnah's Opposition

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a prominent Indian politician, opposed Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement, arguing that it was too reliant on religious symbols and could jeopardize the interests of Muslims.

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Salt March

A 240-mile march led by Gandhi in 1930 to protest against the British salt tax, which became a major symbol of India's struggle for independence and brought international attention to the movement.

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Partition of India

The division of British India into the independent nations of India and Pakistan in 1947, based primarily on religious lines, resulting in widespread violence and displacement of millions of people.

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Radcliffe Award

The document that determined the borders between India and Pakistan after the Partition, drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer, and finalized in 1947.

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Jinnah's Demand for Partition

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, demanded the partition of Punjab and Bengal into separate Hindu and Muslim majority provinces, arguing for the creation of a separate Muslim state.

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Maulana Azad's Identity

A prominent Indian Muslim leader and Congress president, Maulana Azad asserted that Muslims could be both Indian and Muslim, emphasizing their shared Indian identity and rejecting the notion of separate Muslim interests.

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Study Notes

Quiz 1 (4 September, 2024)

  • The genealogy of the two-nation theory is linked to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
  • Rahmat Ali, in his 1945 pamphlet "India: The Continent of Dinia or the Country of Doom," argued against the concept of Indianism. He proposed a "supracommunal Dinia Continental Movement" to establish sovereignty for diverse non-Indian nations within India.
  • Iqbal's political vision for Indian Muslims was a pragmatic response, proposing an exercise of imagination in the future for Indian Muslims.
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah was described as a "cold-blooded logician".
  • Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime, in a state-sanctioned textbook, was criticized for being staunchly communist and un-Islamic.
  • The Munir Report, following 1953 anti-Ahmadi riots in Punjab, investigated the issues.

Quiz 2 (19 September, 2024)

  • An average Hindi speaker today associates the language's origins with Amir Khusrau.
  • During the Mughal era, Urdu-e-Mualla referred to the exalted camp or court.
  • Urdu, as the language, was established in Mughal courts in 1772.
  • Prior to the usage of the term "Urdu," the language was sometimes referred to as "Hindustani," and popularly known as "Hindi" or "Rekhta."
  • Hindus believed that the language "Hinduwee" existed before the invasion of the Muslims.
  • Babur spoke Persian.
  • The term "Urdu" emerged from the Persian language.

Quiz 3 (7 November, 2024)

  • On the outbreak of World War II, Lord Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany and the Congress ministries resigned.
  • Winston Churchill asserted that he was not tasked with the liquidation of the British Empire.
  • Gandhi rejected the Cripps offer as a postdated "cheque".
  • The Quit India Movement was a mass civil disobedience movement.
  • Ayesha Jalal argues that, for Jinnah, Pakistan was a bargaining chip.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian Congress leader, joined the fascist powers.
  • Indian civil servants in the ICS comprised more than 50% by 1945.
  • Jinnah sought the help of some political factions to undermine the Unionist Party in Punjab.

Quiz 4 (8 October, 2024)

  • British officials and soldiers had mistresses in India in the late 18th century. They were called Bibis or Memsahibs.
  • The subsidiary alliance arrangement between the British and local rulers resulted in the British controlling territories and securing Bengal.

Quiz 5 (25 September, 2024)

  • The Slave-King dynasty was named thus due to the Turkic dynasty in Delhi.
  • The Muslim rulers' language was Persian.
  • Taimur invaded Delhi in 1398.
  • The origin of the Mughal term derives from Mongol.
  • The mansabdari system was demarcated decimally, and awarded ranks, or mansab, to nobles.
  • Aurangzeb faced resistance in his empire from Shivaji Bhonsle.
  • Dara Shikoh translated Upanishads into Persian.
  • Akbar established the city of Fatehpur Sikri.

Quiz 6 (24 October, 2024)

  • The Victoria Terminus in Bombay was architecturally similar to colonial buildings in London and Melbourne.
  • Jamsetji Tata was involved in Tata Iron and Steel.
  • The infrastructure development in the Punjab that boosted agricultural production was the canal colonies.
  • The role of India's presence in enhancing British national pride and sharing emotions, though not quantifiable in specific metrics, was cited.
  • The Punjab Land Alienation Act prohibited land transfers outside the agrarian population.
  • Akbar Allahabadi reminded the faithful of the Muslims' historic role in India.
  • Allan Octavian Hume helped establish the Indian National Congress in 1885.
  • The 1881 decennial census led to the recognition of group status.
  • Early Dravidian scholars noted that the south Indian Brahmans were originally inhabitants, before the north Indian Ayan Brahmans arrived.

Quiz 9 (31 October, 2024)

  • Gandhi secured Congress support for non-cooperation through alliances with Muslim supporters of the Ottoman khilafat.
  • Gandhi's birthplace region involved in setting up his first ashram was Gujrat.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru succeeded Gandhi.
  • The Chauri Chauri incident caused Gandhi to halt the non-cooperation movement.

Quiz 10 (21 November, 2024)

  • India's partition was based on religious lines.
  • The educational institutions were Aligarh, Deoband, and Bareilly
  • The Radcliffe award involved the demarcation of boundaries during partition.
  • Jinnah wanted the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

Quiz 11 (14 November, 2024)

  • Mountbatten was the last viceroy of British India.
  • Direct Action Day in 1946 resulted in widespread violence in Calcutta.
  • The transfer of power was originally scheduled, later rescheduling the handover to August 1947.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru made a notable speech.
  • The Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India.

Quiz 12 (17 October, 2024)

  • Joint-stock organizations allowed for risk-sharing in trade and easy fund-raising for businesses.
  • India's exports to Europe included textiles, iron, and steel.
  • The first British EIC factory was established in Surat.
  • Black Hole of Calcutta involved imprisonment and deaths of soldiers due to lack of ventilation.
  • The "diwani" in India involved the revenue collection rights.

Quiz 13 (28 November, 2024)

  • After partition, the non-Muslim population of the Punjab, except for a few Sikh pockets, relocated.
  • A sense of voluntary migration emerged from North India moving to Pakistan.
  • 'Intend' was a significant legal term in post-independence citizenship debates.
  • The Citizenship Law of 1951 removed the legal avenue for Hindus and Sikhs to return to Pakistan.
  • 'Muhajireen/Hijrat' was the term used for migrants coming to Pakistan from India.
  • A conversion to Islam was a route for higher caste Hindus to remain in Pakistan.
  • Section 7 of the 1951 Citizenship Act restricted claims of citizenship in Pakistan to those residing there by March 1947
  • Pakistan struggled to allow return of Hindus and Sikhs with logistical problems.

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Description

This quiz explores the genealogy and key figures associated with the Two-Nation Theory in the context of Indian history. It covers pivotal moments and ideologies that shaped the discourse around Muslim identity and political aspirations in pre-independence India. Test your knowledge on influential leaders and their contributions to this significant historical narrative.

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