Questions and Answers
What was the primary demand of the Salt March?
Who led the Salt March?
Mahatma Gandhi
The Salt March was an effective method of civil disobedience.
True
Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march from __________ to Dandi.
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What was the reaction of the British government to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What did the Congress demand in Mahatma Gandhi's letter to Viceroy Irwin?
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What was one of the main reasons the rich peasants supported the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What event marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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Match the leaders with their respective movements:
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How did modern nationalism in Europe relate to the formation of nation-states?
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What was the main connection between modern nationalism and the anti-colonial movement in India?
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Which movements were emphasized in the study of nationalism in India during the 1920s?
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What was the economic impact of the First World War on India?
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The Rowlatt Act allowed for the detention of political prisoners without trial for five years.
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Who was a prominent leader that suggested a new mode of struggle in India after 1919?
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The idea of ______ emphasizes the power of truth and non-violence.
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What event took place on April 13, 1919, that had a significant impact on the Indian national movement?
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What did Mahatma Gandhi believe about British rule in India?
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What was the first action proposed by Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in ______.
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What term did he call the ‘untouchables’?
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Who organized the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930?
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Mahatma Gandhi supported separate electorates for Dalits.
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What was the outcome of the Poona Pact of September 1932?
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In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal was the president of the _________ League.
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What was the Swadeshi movement primarily focused on?
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Which image became associated with the identity of India in the twentieth century?
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Match the following leaders with their contributions:
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The Indian history glorifying the past solely highlighted Hindu achievements.
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Which province did not boycott the council elections?
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What happened to the value of foreign cloth between 1921 and 1922?
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Who led the peasants in Awadh against landlords?
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The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up in __________.
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The Non-Cooperation Movement successfully integrated all local peasant struggles with Congress's actions.
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What rights did the tribal peasants in Gudem Hills demand?
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What was the desired outcome of the Bharoli Satyagraha led by Vallabhbhai Patel?
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Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted during a demonstration against the __________.
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What was the pledge taken on Independence Day, January 26, 1930?
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How did plantation workers in Assam respond to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement?
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How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?
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Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
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Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
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What was the significance of the Salt March?
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Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
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List the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921.
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Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. What did the experience mean to your life?
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Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
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Write a brief report on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
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Write a brief report on the Simon Commission.
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Study Notes
Nationalism in India
- Modern nationalism in India is linked to the anti-colonial movement, arising from the struggle against British colonial rule.
- As people faced oppression, they discovered shared bonds and unity despite different experiences and aspirations for freedom.
- The Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, aimed to unify diverse groups under a national movement, though conflicts arose during this process.
Economic and Political Context After WWI
- The First World War led to increased defense spending, higher taxes, and a significant rise in prices, which doubled from 1913 to 1918.
- Many Indian villages faced forced recruitment of soldiers, causing widespread discontent.
- Crop failures, food shortages, and a deadly influenza epidemic contributed to approximately 12 to 13 million deaths due to famines and illness.
The Rise of Satyagraha
- Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915, promoting the concept of Satyagraha as a method of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.
- Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and non-violence, advocating for the need to appeal to the conscience of oppressors rather than using physical force.
- Gandhi organized multiple Satyagraha movements across India, including Champaran in 1917 for peasants and Kheda in Gujarat for those affected by crop failures.
The Rowlatt Act
- The Rowlatt Act of 1919 expanded the British government's repressive powers, allowing detention without trial.
- Gandhi launched a nationwide satyagraha in response to the act, organizing rallies and strikes, with Hartal on April 6, 1919, marking the movement's beginning.
- The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, where British troops killed hundreds, intensified nationwide protests and violence.
The Non-Cooperation Movement
- Following the Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhi sought a broader movement, uniting Hindus and Muslims by involving the Khilafat issue due to concerns over Ottoman Turkey after WWI.
- The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in January 1921, urging Indians to boycott British institutions and products, emphasizing the idea that British rule depended on Indian cooperation.
- Various social groups participated, with middle-class professionals, students, and activists responding to the call for Swaraj (self-rule) in their unique contexts.
Impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Significant participation from the middle class, leading to boycotts of government schools, courts, and foreign goods.
- The boycott led to a dramatic decrease in the import value of foreign cloth, halving between 1921 and 1922, as Indian self-production increased.
- The movement faced challenges, such as economic disparities among participants; some could not afford khadi, which was often pricier than foreign textiles.
Conclusion
- The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's struggle for independence, showcasing the intersection of various social aspirations and the growing momentum of nationalist sentiment against colonial rule.### Non-Cooperation Movement
- Gandhiji urged students and teachers to replace British institutions through civil disobedience.
- Movement extended from cities to rural areas, uniting various peasant and tribal struggles post-World War I.
Peasant Struggles
- In Awadh, led by Baba Ramchandra, peasants protested against exploitative landlords demanding high rents and other fees.
- Many peasants faced "begar," forced unpaid labor, and had no security over leased lands.
- Key demands included reduced revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycotts against oppressive landlords.
Organizing Efforts
- Jawaharlal Nehru traveled through Awadh, addressing grievances, leading to the formation of Oudh Kisan Sabha.
- By October 1920, over 300 branches of the Sabha were established to unify peasant efforts.
Bardoli Satyagraha
- In 1928, Vallabhbhai Patel led a successful movement in Bardoli against land revenue hikes.
- The peasant revolts included violent resistance against landlords and merchants.
Chauri Chaura Incident
- In January 1921, police opened fire on protesting peasants, leading Mahatma Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement due to escalating violence.
Tribal Movements
- Tribals, particularly in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, interpreted swaraj through militant means to counter colonial resource restrictions.
- Alluri Sitaram Raju emerged as a leader, combining traditional rights claims with calls for guerrilla warfare.
Plantation Workers' Struggles
- For Assam plantation workers, swaraj represented freedom from confined movement and connection to their home villages.
- Thousands defied the Inland Emigration Act, resulting in police violence when they attempted to return home.
Swaraj Vision
- Movements across India were not strictly defined by Congress but interpreted swaraj as a means to alleviate suffering.
- Successes were celebrated through slogans like "Swatantra Bharat," but localized understandings varied greatly.
Transition to Civil Disobedience
- By early 1922, growing violence and lack of preparedness led Gandhi to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- Internal Congress debate intensified, with younger leaders advocating for radical action over participation in the British council system.
Impact of Economic Depression
- The 1926 economic downturn intensified peasant unrest, leading to mass dissatisfaction with British policies.
Simon Commission and Response
- The 1928 Simon Commission, comprised entirely of British members, sparked widespread protests, including the slogan “Go Back Simon.”
- By late 1929, the Congress formally demanded Purna Swaraj (complete independence) at the Lahore Congress.
Salt March
- Gandhi’s 1930 Salt March symbolized resistance, advocating for the abolition of the salt tax seen as emblematic of British oppression.
- The march covered over 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi, culminating in the ceremonial salt production that triggered the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Citizens were encouraged to defy British laws actively, leading to widespread participation in various forms of protest against colonial power.### Civil Disobedience Movement Overview
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan's arrest in April 1930 incited protests in Peshawar, resulting in deaths amid police repression.
- Gandhi's arrest led to industrial unrest in Sholapur, where workers attacked symbols of British authority.
- The government's response involved widespread violence against peaceful demonstrators, resulting in approximately 100,000 arrests.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- On March 5, 1931, Gandhi signed a pact with Lord Irwin to end the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Round Table Conference.
- The government agreed to release political prisoners, signaling a temporary truce.
Resumption of the Movement
- After negotiations broke down in December 1931, Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement in response to renewed government repression.
- Prominent leaders were imprisoned, and Congress was declared illegal, demonstrating the severity of the colonial response.
Participation of Different Social Groups
- Rich peasants, such as Patidars and Jats, were primarily motivated by high revenue demands due to falling crop prices, rallying for a reduction in taxation.
- Poor peasants, often tenants struggling to pay rent, sought relief from landlords and leaned towards radical movements led by Socialists and Communists.
Business Class Involvement
- Indian industrialists initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, seeking freedom from colonial economic restrictions.
- After the failed Round Table Conference and growing militant actions, business leaders became cautious and less supportive.
Labor Movements
- Industrial workers largely remained separate from the Civil Disobedience Movement, participating only selectively.
- Many workers adopted Gandhian principles, aligning their struggles for better wages and working conditions with the broader national movement but faced Congress's reluctance to support their rights.
Women’s Participation
- The Civil Disobedience Movement saw significant involvement from women, who ventured into public life, embracing activism as a national duty.
- Despite their active role, traditional gender roles persisted as Congress hesitated to promote women to leadership positions, reflecting societal constraints.
Dalit Participation
- Dalits, or 'untouchables,' began to organize for political empowerment, demanding reserved seats rather than relying solely on Congress-led movements.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emerged as a key leader, advocating for separate electorates and social justice, often clashing with Gandhi's vision.
Communal Tensions
- The estrangement of the Muslim community from Congress, heightened by rising Hindu nationalism and communal riots, complicated collective action.
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah's push for separate electorates articulated concerns for Muslim political representation, laying groundwork for future conflicts.
Intellectual Climate
- Iqbal’s 1930 declaration emphasized the need for safeguards for Muslim culture and identity, foreshadowing the subsequent rise of the Pakistan movement.
- Such sentiments reflected a broader sense of discontent among minority communities regarding their status within a Hindu-majority political framework.
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Description
Explore the emergence of modern nationalism in India as discussed in Chapter II. This quiz delves into the new symbols, songs, and ideas that shaped national identity and community boundaries. Understand how the processes of identity formation in India aligned with global trends in nationalism.
