Nationalism and Revolutions in Europe

Unit 1 - Nationalism Revolutions Sweep the West

• Peninsulares: Spanish-born colonizers in Latin America
• Mestizos: People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in Latin America
• Nationalism: Ideology emphasizing national identity and unity
• Realpolitik: Politics based on practical, self-interest-driven decisions
• Romanticism: Artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion and imagination
• Realism: Artistic movement focusing on realistic depictions of everyday life
• Impressionism: Artistic movement emphasizing light and color
• Nationalism's positive results: Unification, self-determination, and preservation of cultural heritage
• Nationalism's negative results: Xenophobia, militarism, and suppression of minority groups
• Italian unification leaders: Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour
• Romantic period's leading composer: Franz Liszt

Unit 2 - Imperialism

• Imperialism: Extension of a nation's power and influence through colonization and dominance
• Sepoy Mutiny: Indian rebellion against British rule in 1857
• Annexation: Act of a country taking control of another territory or state
• First European to travel to the African interior: David Livingstone
• Industrial Revolution's impact on nationalism: Increased competition for resources and markets
• "Black Man's Burden": Phrase coined by Edward Morel, referring to the supposed responsibility of Europeans to civilize non-Western societies
• Florence Nightingale: Established the nursing profession during the Crimean War
• British colonization's positive impacts on India: Modernization, unification, and economic growth
• British colonization's negative impacts on India: Exploitation, cultural suppression, and divide-and-rule policies
• Items discovered in Africa in the late 1800s: Diamonds and gold

Unit 3 - The Great War

• Schlieffen Plan: German military strategy during World War I
• Trench warfare: Type of combat in which soldiers fight from entrenched positions
• No man's land: Area between trenches where soldiers are most vulnerable
• Unrestricted submarine warfare: German naval strategy during World War I
• Armistice: Agreement to stop fighting, preliminary to a peace treaty
• Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by Germany, drawing the US into World War I
• Self-determination: Principle of national sovereignty and independence
• League of Nations: International organization established after World War I to promote peace and security
• Main causes of World War I: Nationalism, imperialism, and militarism
• Serbia and the Black Hand: Nationalist group involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Spark that led to World War I
• Characteristics of total war: Mobilization of entire societies, widespread destruction, and high casualties
• Women's contributions to the war effort: Nursing, factory work, and military service
• End date of World War I: November 11, 1918
• Feeling of artists and writers after the war: Disillusionment and cynicism
• "Big Four" leaders: Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
• Treaty of Versailles' stipulations for Germany: Reparations, territorial losses, and military limitations
• Germans found the Treaty of Versailles' "War Guilt" clause particularly frustrating
• African and Asian colonies were upset after the war because they did not receive the self-determination they had been promised

Unit 4 - Revolutions in Russia and Asia

• Totalitarianism: Authoritarian system in which the state controls all aspects of life
• Civil disobedience: Non-violent resistance to unjust laws or authority
• USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established in 1922
• Revolutionary who called for the workers to overthrow the government: Vladimir Lenin
• Charismatic leader of the Bolshevik group: Vladimir Lenin
• Leader of the provisional government after the fall of the czar: Alexander Kerensky
• Leader of the Bolshevik's Red Army: Leon Trotsky
• New name adopted by Russia in 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• Leader of the communist party in China: Mao Zedong
• Last dynasty overthrown in China in 1911: Qing dynasty
• Principles of the new Republic of China: Nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood

Unit 4 - The Years in Between the Wars

• Existentialism: Philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom and choice
• Surrealism: Artistic movement exploring the subconscious and irrational
• Fascism: Authoritarian, nationalist ideology
• Appeasement: Policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands to avoid conflict
• Rhineland: Region of Germany occupied by Allied forces after World War I
• Sudetenland: Region of Czechoslovakia with a majority German population
• Anschluss: Annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany
• Isolationism: US foreign policy of non-intervention in international conflicts
• Group of artists who moved to Paris after the war: The Lost Generation
• Famous solo Atlantic flyer: Charles Lindbergh
• Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic: Economic instability, political fragmentation, and the Treaty of Versailles
• Date of the American stock market crash: October 29, 1929
• Assertions in Mein Kampf: Hitler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, and militarist ideology
• Hitler's first open act of rebellion against the Treaty of Versailles: Remilitarization of the Rhineland
• Agreement between Germany and Russia: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Unit 5 - World War II

• Blitzkrieg: German military tactic of rapid, decisive attacks
• Luftwaffe: German air force
• Battle of Britain: Air campaign fought between the German and British air forces
• Battle of the Bulge: Major German offensive in the Ardennes during World War II
• "Final Solution": Nazi plan for the extermination of Jews and other minorities
• V-E Day: Victory in Europe, marking the end of World War II in Europe
• Nuremberg Trials: International trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity