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Questions and Answers
What was the name of the plan developed by Germany during World War I?
What was the term used to describe the feeling that artists and writers had about life after World War I?
Who was the leader whose assassination sparked World War I?
What was the term used to describe the type of warfare characterized by attrition and stalemate?
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What was the name of the ship that was sunk by Germany, leading to the United States' entry into World War I?
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What was the term used to describe the policy of annexation and colonization of foreign territories?
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Who was the leading composer of the Romantic period?
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What was the term used to describe the idea that each nationality should have its own government?
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Who was the leader of the Bolshevik group?
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What was the name adopted for Russia in 1922?
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What was the term used to describe the aggressive military tactic used by Germany during World War II?
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What was the term used to describe the policy of giving in to Germany's demands in order to avoid war?
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Who led the provisional government after the fall of the czar?
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What was the term used to describe the movement of artists who moved to Paris after the war?
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What was the name of the agreement between Germany and Russia?
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What was the term used to describe the type of government in which the state has total control over the citizens?
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Study Notes
Unit 1 - Nationalism Revolutions Sweep the West
- Peninsulares: Spanish-born colonizers in Latin America
- Mestizos: People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in Latin America
- Nationalism: Ideology emphasizing national identity and unity
- Realpolitik: Politics based on practical, self-interest-driven decisions
- Romanticism: Artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion and imagination
- Realism: Artistic movement focusing on realistic depictions of everyday life
- Impressionism: Artistic movement emphasizing light and color
- Nationalism's positive results: Unification, self-determination, and preservation of cultural heritage
- Nationalism's negative results: Xenophobia, militarism, and suppression of minority groups
- Italian unification leaders: Victor Emmanuel II and Camillo di Cavour
- Romantic period's leading composer: Franz Liszt
Unit 2 - Imperialism
- Imperialism: Extension of a nation's power and influence through colonization and dominance
- Sepoy Mutiny: Indian rebellion against British rule in 1857
- Annexation: Act of a country taking control of another territory or state
- First European to travel to the African interior: David Livingstone
- Industrial Revolution's impact on nationalism: Increased competition for resources and markets
- "Black Man's Burden": Phrase coined by Edward Morel, referring to the supposed responsibility of Europeans to civilize non-Western societies
- Florence Nightingale: Established the nursing profession during the Crimean War
- British colonization's positive impacts on India: Modernization, unification, and economic growth
- British colonization's negative impacts on India: Exploitation, cultural suppression, and divide-and-rule policies
- Items discovered in Africa in the late 1800s: Diamonds and gold
Unit 3 - The Great War
- Schlieffen Plan: German military strategy during World War I
- Trench warfare: Type of combat in which soldiers fight from entrenched positions
- No man's land: Area between trenches where soldiers are most vulnerable
- Unrestricted submarine warfare: German naval strategy during World War I
- Armistice: Agreement to stop fighting, preliminary to a peace treaty
- Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by Germany, drawing the US into World War I
- Self-determination: Principle of national sovereignty and independence
- League of Nations: International organization established after World War I to promote peace and security
- Main causes of World War I: Nationalism, imperialism, and militarism
- Serbia and the Black Hand: Nationalist group involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Spark that led to World War I
- Characteristics of total war: Mobilization of entire societies, widespread destruction, and high casualties
- Women's contributions to the war effort: Nursing, factory work, and military service
- End date of World War I: November 11, 1918
- Feeling of artists and writers after the war: Disillusionment and cynicism
- "Big Four" leaders: Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
- Treaty of Versailles' stipulations for Germany: Reparations, territorial losses, and military limitations
- Germans found the Treaty of Versailles' "War Guilt" clause particularly frustrating
- African and Asian colonies were upset after the war because they did not receive the self-determination they had been promised
Unit 4 - Revolutions in Russia and Asia
- Totalitarianism: Authoritarian system in which the state controls all aspects of life
- Civil disobedience: Non-violent resistance to unjust laws or authority
- USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, established in 1922
- Revolutionary who called for the workers to overthrow the government: Vladimir Lenin
- Charismatic leader of the Bolshevik group: Vladimir Lenin
- Leader of the provisional government after the fall of the czar: Alexander Kerensky
- Leader of the Bolshevik's Red Army: Leon Trotsky
- New name adopted by Russia in 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
- Leader of the communist party in China: Mao Zedong
- Last dynasty overthrown in China in 1911: Qing dynasty
- Principles of the new Republic of China: Nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood
Unit 4 - The Years in Between the Wars
- Existentialism: Philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom and choice
- Surrealism: Artistic movement exploring the subconscious and irrational
- Fascism: Authoritarian, nationalist ideology
- Appeasement: Policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands to avoid conflict
- Rhineland: Region of Germany occupied by Allied forces after World War I
- Sudetenland: Region of Czechoslovakia with a majority German population
- Anschluss: Annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany
- Isolationism: US foreign policy of non-intervention in international conflicts
- Group of artists who moved to Paris after the war: The Lost Generation
- Famous solo Atlantic flyer: Charles Lindbergh
- Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic: Economic instability, political fragmentation, and the Treaty of Versailles
- Date of the American stock market crash: October 29, 1929
- Assertions in Mein Kampf: Hitler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, and militarist ideology
- Hitler's first open act of rebellion against the Treaty of Versailles: Remilitarization of the Rhineland
- Agreement between Germany and Russia: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Unit 5 - World War II
- Blitzkrieg: German military tactic of rapid, decisive attacks
- Luftwaffe: German air force
- Battle of Britain: Air campaign fought between the German and British air forces
- Battle of the Bulge: Major German offensive in the Ardennes during World War II
- "Final Solution": Nazi plan for the extermination of Jews and other minorities
- V-E Day: Victory in Europe, marking the end of World War II in Europe
- Nuremberg Trials: International trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity
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Description
Review key terms and events related to nationalism and revolutions in 19th century Europe, including Italian unification and the role of key leaders.
