National Standard for Agricultural Machinery

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Questions and Answers

The ______ of this National Standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC).

formulation

This standard provides specifications of metal bars, pipes, and tubes for ______ and structures.

agricultural machinery

The word "shall" is used to indicate ______ strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard.

requirements

The word "should" is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly ______.

<p>suitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the preparation of this standard, the following ______ were considered.

<p>references</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single dash next to the grade number indicates a grade of ______.

<p>275</p> Signup and view all the answers

The color code for a weldable grade of steel bar is ______.

<p>red</p> Signup and view all the answers

The markings for deformed bars are shown in ______ 2.

<p>Figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text describes pipes as being classified as ______ and heavy.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each bundle of bars should be ______ indicating the batch number, diameter, length, number of pieces and name of manufacturer.

<p>tagged</p> Signup and view all the answers

ISO R657/1:1968 pertains to the dimensions of hot-rolled steel sections, specifically equal-leg ______.

<p>angles</p> Signup and view all the answers

PNS 26:2002 specifies requirements for black and hot-dipped zinc-coated (galvanized) longitudinally welded steel ______.

<p>pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The standard PAES 316:2002 provides technical information for metal bars, pipes, and tubes used in agricultural ______.

<p>machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

JIS G 3466:1994 focuses on stainless steel pipes for machine and structural ______.

<p>purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

ISO 1035/1:1980 details the dimensions of hot-rolled steel bars, specifically ______ bars.

<p>round</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of carbon steel square and rectangular tubes shall be in accordance with JIS G 3446:1994.

<p>material specifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tubes shall be designated by the following data in the sequence shown: ______, dimensions, and material.

<p>classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tubes shall be clearly marked with the ______ by an appropriate method on each tube or on each bundle of tubes.

<p>following items</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of bar, pipes and tubes can be selected using either Figure 4 or 5.

<p>size</p> Signup and view all the answers

The moment of inertia given the following parameters: type of loading, amount of load, length of beam, and the allowable ______ can be obtained using Figure 4.

<p>deflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Similarly, the ______ given the following parameters: type of loading, amount of load, length of beam, maximum bending moment, and the allowable unit stress can be obtained using Figure 5.

<p>section modulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ or the section modulus shall then be used in determining the appropriate dimensions to be used.

<p>moment of inertia</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single dash next to the grade number indicates a grade of ______ steel bar.

<p>weldable</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ for deformed bars are shown in Figure 2.

<p>markings</p> Signup and view all the answers

The moment of inertia is also known as the ______ factor in Figure 4.

<p>stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Figure 5 is a nomograph for determining the ______ factor, represented by section modulus, also known as strength factor S.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allowable ______ is represented in the units of meters per meter.

<p>deflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ moment is represented in units of Newton-meters.

<p>bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

The allowable unit stress in Figure 5 is expressed in units of ______ per square millimeter.

<p>megapascals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pipes shall be designated by the following data in the sequence shown: nominal size, classification, length, and ______.

<p>material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pipes shall be clearly marked with the following items: designation and manufacturer’s name or its ______.

<p>abbreviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tubes shall be classified according to their ______.

<p>shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nomenclature and designation of dimensions of tubes shall be as illustrated in ______.

<p>Figure 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circular, square, and rectangular are types of ______.

<p>tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Materials of pipes include carbon steel and ______ steel.

<p>stainless</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steel pipes may be black (BI) or hot-dipped zinc-______ (GI).

<p>coated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dimensions of tubes shall conform to ______.

<p>Table 12-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

A flat bar can be classified into ______ types based on its leg configuration.

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dimensions of a flat bar include its width ______ and thickness.

<p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to bars that have legs of different lengths.

<p>unequal-leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating the tolerance dimensions, we often use the formula ______ for equal-leg bars.

<p>(B-t)/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In structural applications, the ______ of a flat bar can significantly impact its load-bearing capacity.

<p>thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

A C-channel is an example of ______ used for structural support.

<p>metal framing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Design considerations for flat bars include their intended ______ and the load requirements.

<p>use</p> Signup and view all the answers

The letter 'H' in the diagram represents the height of the flat bar's ______.

<p>section</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

PAES 316: 2002

A standard that provides specifications for metal bars, pipes, and tubes used in agricultural machinery and structures.

Shall

Word that indicates a requirement that MUST be followed, with no deviation allowed.

Should

Word that indicates a recommended course of action, but not a requirement.

Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC)

An organization that initiated the development of PAES 316: 2002.

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Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)

The funding agency for the development of PAES 316: 2002.

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ISO R657 & ISO 1035

Standards that specify dimensions and properties of hot-rolled steel sections, including equal-leg and unequal-leg angles, sloping flange channel sections, and round, square, and flat bars.

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JIS G 3466, JIS G 3444, JIS G 3452, JIS G 3459

Standards for stainless steel and carbon steel pipes used for machine and structural purposes.

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PNS 26:2002

A standard that specifies requirements for black and galvanized longitudinally welded steel pipes for general use.

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PNS 49:2002

A standard that sets specifications for steel bars used in concrete reinforcement.

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Bar Grade Markings

The method used to indicate the grade of a bar, using a combination of dashes and grade numbers.

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Color Codes for Bars

A visual identifier painted on the ends of each bar to easily distinguish between different grades.

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Weldable Grade Indicator

An additional color code applied to rebars to indicate weldability, typically red.

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Non-Weldable Bar

Indicates the bar is not weldable.

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Flat bar

A structural element with a rectangular cross-section used in various constructions and applications.

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Equal-leg angled bar

A type of flat bar with two equal-length legs forming a right angle, creating an L-shape.

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Unequal-leg angled bar

A type of flat bar with two legs of different lengths, forming a right angle, creating an L-shape.

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C-channel

A type of structural element shaped like a letter C, often used in beams and framing.

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Width (B) of a flat bar

The distance between the two parallel edges of a flat bar.

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Thickness (T) of a flat bar

The thickness of a flat bar, also known as the depth.

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Leg Length (B-t)/2 of an angled bar

The distance between the inner faces of an angled bar.

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Half-width (B-t)/4 of an angled bar

The distance from the edge of a flat bar to the center of the profile.

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Carbon steel pipes

Steel pipes used for general purposes, suitable for low-stressed components.

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Stainless steel pipes

Steel pipes with superior corrosion resistance, ideal for pipe fittings and other applications where the environment is harsh.

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JIS G 3452:1988

The standard used to specify carbon steel pipes, indicating their quality and properties for different applications.

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JIS G 3459:1988

The standard used to specify stainless steel pipes, indicating their corrosion resistance and other properties.

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Pipe Designation

A way to classify pipes by their nominal size, type, length, and material.

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Pipe Markings

Markings on pipes or bundles to identify the manufacturer and the type of pipe.

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Tubes

Hollow cylindrical structures used in various applications, categorized by their shape and dimensions.

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Figure 3 - Classification and nomenclature of tubes

A diagram showing different tube shapes and the standard way of naming their dimensions.

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JIS G 3446:1994

A standard that specifies the material requirements for carbon steel square and rectangular tubes.

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Tube Designation

The way carbon steel square and rectangular tubes are identified based on their classification, dimensions, and material.

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Tube Markings

The markings required on tubes or bundles of tubes, including designation and manufacturer information.

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Stiffness Nomograph (Figure 4)

A graphic tool to select the appropriate size of steel bars, pipes, and tubes based on specific parameters for bending.

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Strength Nomograph (Figure 5)

A graphic tool to select the appropriate size of steel bars, pipes, and tubes based on specific parameters for bending.

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Stiffness Factor

The ability of a beam to resist bending, calculated with the moment of inertia.

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Strength Factor

The ability of a beam to resist bending stress, calculated with the section modulus.

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Deflection

The amount of bending a beam undergoes under load.

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Allowable Unit Stress

The maximum stress a beam can endure before breaking.

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Maximum Bending Moment

The maximum force a beam can withstand before breaking.

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Total Load

The total load applied to a beam.

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Length of Beam

The distance between supports of a beam.

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Type of Loading

The type of force applied to a beam, such as uniform or concentrated load.

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Concentrated Load

A concentrated force applied to a specific point on the beam.

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Uniform Load

A force evenly distributed across the entire beam.

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Study Notes

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard (PAES 316:2002)

  • This standard specifies metal bars, pipes, and tubes for agricultural machinery and structures.
  • It follows PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC Directives Part 3:1997) for structure and drafting of international standards.

Foreword

  • The standard was initiated by AMTEC to enhance AFMA implementation through improved agricultural engineering standards, funded by BAR of the Department of Agriculture (DA).
  • "Shall" indicates mandatory requirements for compliance.
  • "Should" indicates recommendations, not strict requirements.
  • Several references were consulted, including the James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, and various ISO standards (dimensions of hot-rolled steel sections, hot-rolled steel bars, etc.).

Scope

  • This standard defines specifications and technical information for metal bars, pipes, and tubes used in agricultural machinery and structures.

References

  • The standard references several international standards (JIS, PNS) related to steel, general structures, corrosion resistance, and pipes for various applications.

Application

  • Metal bars, pipes, and tubes are used for components, structural framing, and mechanical elements for agricultural machines and structures in agriculture.

Definitions

  • Bar: A long, evenly shaped piece of solid metal.
  • Deformed bar: Steel bars with protrusions (lugs).
  • Nominal diameter of deformed bar: Equivalent diameter of a round bar with the same mass per meter.
  • Pipe: Long hollow cylinders of specified thickness.
  • Tube: Long, hollow products of various shapes and dimensions.

Bars - Classification

  • Bars are classified by cross-section (Figure 1).
    • Round (smooth or deformed).
    • Square.
    • Flat.
    • Angled (equal/unequal legs).
    • Channel sections.
    • I-beams.
  • Detailed dimensions are provided in Tables 1-8.

Dimensions

  • Tables 1-8 outline dimensions and properties (mass per unit length, moment of inertia, section modulus) for various bar cross-sections (round, square, flat, equal-leg/unequal-leg angled, channel, I-beams).
  • Specific tables detail dimensions for different types of bars and variations in dimensions.

Nomenclature

  • The standard details how to denote dimensions of bars.

Materials (For Hot-Rolled Steel Bars)

  • Material specifications are referenced to JIS standard for hot rolled steel bars.
  • Mechanical properties (yield and tensile strength) are given in Table 9 for different grades.

Designation and Markings

  • Bars and pipes have unique marking systems with manufacturer information, specification details, and dimensions.
  • Detailed markings and codes are illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.

Pipes – Classification and Dimensions

  • Pipes are categorized into light and heavy gauges.
  • Dimensions are specified in Table 10.

Tubes – Classification, Dimensions and Materials

  • Tubes are categorized by shape. (e.g. circular, square, rectangular).
  • Dimensions for different tube types are given in Tables 12-14.
  • Materials for tubes, particularly carbon steel, follow specific JIS standards (Table 11).

Nomograms (Figures 4 and 5)

  • Nomograms (Figures 4 and 5) provide methods to determine appropriate dimensions based on loading, length of the beam, and allowable stress.

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