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Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases are preventable by vaccines, according to the 1976 Marcos Presidency?
Which of the following diseases are preventable by vaccines, according to the 1976 Marcos Presidency?
Attenuated vaccines contain a small amount of weakened live pathogen, which does not cause disease, but triggers the immune system.
Attenuated vaccines contain a small amount of weakened live pathogen, which does not cause disease, but triggers the immune system.
True
The MMR vaccine is an example of an inactivated vaccine.
The MMR vaccine is an example of an inactivated vaccine.
False
Which of the following is an advantage of using an attenuated vaccine?
Which of the following is an advantage of using an attenuated vaccine?
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Inactivated vaccines cannot cause disease.
Inactivated vaccines cannot cause disease.
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Which of the following examples are considered inactivated vaccines?
Which of the following examples are considered inactivated vaccines?
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Conjugated subunit vaccines use a protein from the pathogen's capsule to create an immune response.
Conjugated subunit vaccines use a protein from the pathogen's capsule to create an immune response.
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Which of the following vaccine types is administered via the intramuscular route?
Which of the following vaccine types is administered via the intramuscular route?
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The BCG vaccine is administered via the subcutaneous route.
The BCG vaccine is administered via the subcutaneous route.
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What is the recommended age for receiving the BCG vaccine?
What is the recommended age for receiving the BCG vaccine?
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The MMR vaccine should only be administered once.
The MMR vaccine should only be administered once.
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The Hepatitis B vaccine should only be administered once.
The Hepatitis B vaccine should only be administered once.
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What is the recommended site for administering the MMR vaccine?
What is the recommended site for administering the MMR vaccine?
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The Rotavirus vaccine should be given to infants between 6 weeks to 15 weeks of age.
The Rotavirus vaccine should be given to infants between 6 weeks to 15 weeks of age.
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The OPV (oral polio vaccine) should not be given to infants who have a history of severe diarrhea or vomiting.
The OPV (oral polio vaccine) should not be given to infants who have a history of severe diarrhea or vomiting.
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What is the recommended age for receiving the first Hep B vaccine?
What is the recommended age for receiving the first Hep B vaccine?
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The Pentavalent vaccine (DPT-Hep B-Hib) is recommended for infants at birth.
The Pentavalent vaccine (DPT-Hep B-Hib) is recommended for infants at birth.
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What is the recommended dose for the BCG vaccine?
What is the recommended dose for the BCG vaccine?
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What is the recommended dose for the Rotavirus vaccine?
What is the recommended dose for the Rotavirus vaccine?
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The inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine has replaced the type 2 poliovirus.
The inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine has replaced the type 2 poliovirus.
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The inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine is administered via the oral route.
The inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine is administered via the oral route.
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The Pentavalent vaccine is administered via the oral route.
The Pentavalent vaccine is administered via the oral route.
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How long should a reconstituted freeze-dried vaccine be used?
How long should a reconstituted freeze-dried vaccine be used?
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A reconstituted freeze-dried vaccine can be used for more than one immunization session, as long as it has not been stored for more than 28 days.
A reconstituted freeze-dried vaccine can be used for more than one immunization session, as long as it has not been stored for more than 28 days.
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It is acceptable to use a freeze-dried vaccine that has been contaminated, such as those with a vial septum that has been submerged in water.
It is acceptable to use a freeze-dried vaccine that has been contaminated, such as those with a vial septum that has been submerged in water.
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It is acceptable to use a freeze-dried vaccine if the expiry date has been passed.
It is acceptable to use a freeze-dried vaccine if the expiry date has been passed.
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It is not recommended to use a freeze-dried vaccine if the color of the VVM (vial monitor) has reached the discard point.
It is not recommended to use a freeze-dried vaccine if the color of the VVM (vial monitor) has reached the discard point.
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The BCG vaccine should be protected from direct sunlight.
The BCG vaccine should be protected from direct sunlight.
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The MMR vaccine should be protected from fluorescent light.
The MMR vaccine should be protected from fluorescent light.
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All vaccines are equally sensitive to heat.
All vaccines are equally sensitive to heat.
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Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is more sensitive to heat than the DPT vaccine.
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is more sensitive to heat than the DPT vaccine.
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The DT, TT, HepB, and JE vaccines are the least sensitive to heat.
The DT, TT, HepB, and JE vaccines are the least sensitive to heat.
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The Hep B vaccine is the most sensitive to freezing.
The Hep B vaccine is the most sensitive to freezing.
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The DPT vaccine is the least sensitive to freezing.
The DPT vaccine is the least sensitive to freezing.
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When performing the shake test, the control sample should be frozen for 10 hours at -10°C.
When performing the shake test, the control sample should be frozen for 10 hours at -10°C.
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If the sedimentation rate of the test sample is slower than the control sample, the test sample can be used.
If the sedimentation rate of the test sample is slower than the control sample, the test sample can be used.
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If the sedimentation rate of the test sample is the same as the control sample, the test sample should not be used.
If the sedimentation rate of the test sample is the same as the control sample, the test sample should not be used.
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The ideal temperature for storing vaccines in a refrigerator is +2°C to +8°C.
The ideal temperature for storing vaccines in a refrigerator is +2°C to +8°C.
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Freeze-dried vaccines, such as measles, yellow fever, and BCG, should be stored at -15 °C to -25 °C.
Freeze-dried vaccines, such as measles, yellow fever, and BCG, should be stored at -15 °C to -25 °C.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of cold chain logistics?
Which of the following is NOT a component of cold chain logistics?
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It is recommended to store vaccines in the refrigerator door.
It is recommended to store vaccines in the refrigerator door.
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The duration of vaccine storage in transport boxes should not exceed 5 days.
The duration of vaccine storage in transport boxes should not exceed 5 days.
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Vaccine carriers are larger and can maintain a stable temperature for a longer period than cold boxes.
Vaccine carriers are larger and can maintain a stable temperature for a longer period than cold boxes.
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The VVM (vial monitor) is a round dot of sensitive material that can be used to detect if a vaccine has been exposed to excessive heat.
The VVM (vial monitor) is a round dot of sensitive material that can be used to detect if a vaccine has been exposed to excessive heat.
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The ideal temperature for storing the OPV vaccine in the refrigerator is +4°C.
The ideal temperature for storing the OPV vaccine in the refrigerator is +4°C.
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The monthly vaccine requirement for a municipality can be calculated by dividing the yearly vaccine requirement by the number of months in a year.
The monthly vaccine requirement for a municipality can be calculated by dividing the yearly vaccine requirement by the number of months in a year.
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The wastage multiplier is used to estimate the total number of doses needed for the entire municipality.
The wastage multiplier is used to estimate the total number of doses needed for the entire municipality.
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The number of doses needed for a particular vaccine can be calculated by multiplying the total number of doses per unit (ampule or vial) by the wastage multiplier.
The number of doses needed for a particular vaccine can be calculated by multiplying the total number of doses per unit (ampule or vial) by the wastage multiplier.
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Children who have received three doses of the Pentavalent vaccine are considered fully immunized.
Children who have received three doses of the Pentavalent vaccine are considered fully immunized.
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Children who have completed all required vaccinations by the age of 12 months are classified as Completely Immunized Children (CIC).
Children who have completed all required vaccinations by the age of 12 months are classified as Completely Immunized Children (CIC).
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Study Notes
National Immunization Program
- Aims to ensure free immunization, focusing on Filipinos, especially the poor
- Considered a means to achieve population immunity and contribute to public health
- Legal basis: Presidential Decree 996 (PD 996) under the Marcos presidency
- 6 diseases preventable by vaccines (1976): Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Measles
- 7 diseases preventable by vaccines (1995) include: Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Measles, and Hepatitis B
- Strategies to high routine full immunized child coverage: at least 90% of all provinces and cities
- Goals: to maintain polio-free status, globally, and to eliminate measles (2008) and neonatal tetanus
Vaccine Types
-
Attenuated Vaccine (Live but Altered): Contains weakened pathogens, triggering immunity without causing disease. Examples include MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and some others.
- Advantages: highly effective, long-lasting immunity often in 1-2 doses
- Disadvantages: can't be given to people with compromised immune systems, takes longer time to manufacture.
-
Inactivated Vaccine (Killed): Contains killed pathogens, stimulating immunity. Examples include BCG, inactivated poliovirus (IPV).
- Advantages: doesn't take time in manufacturing, safer than live vaccines
- Disadvantages: less effective than live vaccines, requires multiple doses
-
Toxoid Vaccine: Contains inactivated toxins produced by bacteria. Examples include tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid.
- Advantages: safe and can't cause disease; no reversion to virulence
- Disadvantages: requires multiple doses, need adjuvant for heightened immune response
-
Conjugated Subunit Vaccines: Combines a protein from the pathogen's capsule with other antigens. Examples include haemophilus influenza type b conjugate (Hib) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV)
- Advantages: helps the immune system respond better
- Disadvantages: none given
Eligible Population
- 0-12 months: newborns and infants (most vulnerable)
Principles
- Epidemiological methods (understanding disease spread)
- Mass vaccination approach (large-scale campaigns)
- Integration into basic health services (regular access)
Compulsory Immunization
- Example: Hepatitis B for children under 8 years old as per Republic Act 7846
- Important for disease prevention
Immunization Schedule/Routine
- Details on the steps for administrating vaccines (e.g., BCG, OPV)
- Site of the injection for each vaccine (e.g., ID, SC, IM)
- Schedule for different vaccines per age range
Cold Chain Logistics
- Importance of maintaining proper temperature for vaccine storage and transportation (e.g., 2-8°C, or -15 to -25°C)
- Essential for vaccine potency and effectiveness
Vaccine Storage and Transportation
- How different vaccines should be stored (refrigerator, freezer)
- Requirements for maintaining a cold chain (e.g., using ice packs, proper equipment)
- Duration of storage and transport for various vaccines in health centers.
Vaccine Reconstitution (Freeze-dried vaccines)
- Steps for mixing freeze-dried vaccines with diluents so they can be used
- Timing limits for reconstituted vaccines.
Vaccines Sensitive to Freezing
- Which vaccines are susceptible to freezing and how the process may render them useless or useless
- Procedure for testing the quality and integrity of a vaccine
Vaccine-related considerations
- Guidelines and precautions to maintain safe environment
- Contraindications to immunization, e.g., having a feverish child, recently had convulsions etc
Updates, policies, monitoring
- Policies: Details on the open-vial policy for multi-dose vials of liquids (e.g., OPV, HBV, pentavalent etc.) and how long vaccines can be stored (MAX 4 weeks for reconstitution, less time if any of the considerations aren't met)
- Monitoring - for potency and use of vaccine, ensuring proper and consistent storage.
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Description
This quiz covers the National Immunization Program in the Philippines, highlighting its goals, vaccine types, and legal foundations. It emphasizes the importance of achieving population immunity and addressing preventable diseases through vaccination. Test your knowledge on immunization strategies and disease prevention.
