National Heroes of the Philippines

National Heroes Identified by the Committee

• The National Hero Committee identified individuals who significantly contributed to Philippine independence.
• Jose Rizal: A reformist writer who inspired peaceful Filipino nationalism.
• Andres Bonifacio: The "Father of the Philippine Revolution" and founder of the Katipunan.
• Emilio Aguinaldo: First Philippine President and leader of the revolution.
• Apolinario Mabini: "Brains of the Revolution," a key figure in the First Philippine Republic.
• Marcelo H. del Pilar: A propagandist and writer advocating for reforms under Spanish rule.
• Juan Luna: A renowned painter whose works, like "Spoliarium," demonstrated Filipino resilience.
• Melchora Aquino: "Mother of the Katipunan" providing support to revolutionaries.
• Gabriela Silang: Revolutionary leader fighting against Spanish rule.

Civil and Political Rights

• These rights protect individuals' freedom and political participation.
• Civil Rights: include the rights to life, speech, religion, and assembly.

Objectives of the Propaganda Movement

• A peaceful reformist movement led by Filipino intellectuals in the late 19th century.
• Aiming at addressing injustices during Spanish colonization.
• Goals included equality between Filipinos and Spaniards, Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes, secularization of the clergy, and recognition of Filipino human rights.

Objectives of the Katipunan

• A revolutionary organization founded by Andres Bonifacio aimed at overthrowing Spanish rule.
• Goals included achieving Philippine independence, promoting unity and equality among Filipinos, and establishing a self-governing republic.

Governor-General Who Ordered Rizal's Deportation

• The highest-ranking Spanish colonial official in the Philippines.
• Governor-General Eulogio Despujol exiled Rizal in 1892 due to his writings and activities.

Rizal's Visitors in His Death Cell

• Rizal saw family members and a few others before his execution.
• Josephine Bracken (common-law wife), Narcisa Rizal (sister), Luis Taviel de Andrade (defense counsel), and Fr. Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit priest) are mentioned.

Crimes Accused of Rizal

• Rizal was accused of inciting rebellion against Spain.
• Crimes included rebellion, sedition, and forming illegal societies.

Who Gave Rizal the Retraction Paper?

• The controversial document asking Rizal to renounce his writing and ideas.
• Fr. Vicente Balaguer, a Jesuit priest, gave the retraction paper to Rizal.

Asian Nationalists

• Leaders who fought for their nations' independence during colonial rule.
• Mahatma Gandhi (India): Advocated nonviolent resistance against British rule.

Reasons for Modern Philippine Nationalism

• Advocacy for the interests and culture of one's nation, especially during independence.
• Factors included colonial injustices, awareness of Filipino identity and culture, exposure to liberal ideas, and social reform movements introduced during colonial rule.

Members of the Civil Commission Who Chose the National Hero in 1901

• The Civil Commission, led by American officials, selected the Philippine National Hero.
• Key figures involved include William Howard Taft, Dean C. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, and Bernard Moses.

Two Phenomena Describing Nationalism

• Expressions of nationalism that reflect national pride and advocacy.
• Two phenomena presented are cultural nationalism (pride in shared traits), and political nationalism (focus on sovereignty and independence).