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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of using a nicotine nasal spray?
What is the recommended duration of use for decongestant nasal sprays?
What is the recommended use for steroid nasal sprays?
What is the recommended age range for the use of nasal sprays?
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What are bulk powders usually used for?
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What is the advantage of using individual dose powders?
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What is the recommended position of the head when using a nasal spray?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with infiltration?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with venous spasm?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with catheter migration?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with air emboli?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with exit-site infection?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with septicemia/bacteremia?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with speed shock?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with venous spasm?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with infiltration?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with catheter migration?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with air emboli?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with exit-site infection?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with septicemia/bacteremia?
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What is the recommended intervention for a patient with speed shock?
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When applying a hormone replacement patch, where should it be placed?
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Where can contraceptive patches be applied?
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What should be avoided when applying skin patches?
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Where should glyceryl trinitrate patches for angina be applied?
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What should be done before using vaginal pessaries/cream?
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Where should nicotine replacement patches be applied?
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What is the purpose of warming a suppository before use?
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What should be done after inserting a suppository?
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How should used patches be disposed of?
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What is the purpose of using lubricant gel with suppositories?
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Why is it recommended to use suppositories at night?
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What is the purpose of enteric-coated tablets?
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What is the purpose of slow-release tablets?
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What is the best position for a child to be in when inserting a suppository?
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Study Notes
Nasal Sprays and Oral Powders: Uses and Administration
- Nasal sprays can be used to treat the nasal lining directly or achieve a systemic effect.
- Decongestant sprays and steroid nasal sprays are examples of nasal sprays used for treating the nasal lining.
- Nicotine nasal sprays and intranasal sprays for migraine relief are examples of nasal sprays used for achieving a systemic effect.
- Research is being conducted on the suitability of the nasal route for the administration of drugs for diabetes and hormone replacement therapy.
- To use a nasal spray, blow nose, wash hands, shake the spray, insert the tip into the nostril, and breathe in while squeezing the spray.
- Keep the spray upright and tilt the head slightly forward to prevent the liquid spray from running out of the nose.
- Prime the nasal spray before first use and aim in a slightly different direction with each spray.
- Decongestant nasal sprays should be used for one week only to prevent rebound effect, while steroid sprays should be used regularly.
- Children under six years of age generally do not use nasal sprays.
- Oral powders can be bulk powders or unit dose powders.
- Bulk powders are usually used for minor ailments, and the dose is measured with a 5-mL spoon and stirred into water.
- Individual dose powders are pre-measured and individually wrapped, ensuring accurate and repeatable dosing.
Intravenous Complications: Signs, Symptoms, and Interventions
- Infiltration can cause edema, blanching, sluggish infusion, and tenderness; remove catheter, elevate extremity, and initiate new infusion if necessary.
- Extravasation can cause severe pain, redness, edema, and slowing/stopping of infusion; discontinue infusion, aspirate residual medication and blood, instill antidote, elevate extremity, and observe site frequently.
- Phlebitis can cause pain, erythema, edema, and palpable cord; remove catheter, obtain cultures, cleanse site with antimicrobial solution, apply warm, moist compresses, and modify medication if necessary.
- Ecchymosis/hematoma can cause swelling and bruising; remove catheter, apply firm pressure to site, elevate extremity, and do not use affected extremity until bleeding has completely stopped.
- Pinch-Off Syndrome can cause intermittent occlusion, frequent pump alarms, and weakened catheter; verify catheter placement with X-ray and remove catheter.
- Catheter Migration can cause change in function, inability to infuse/draw blood, and arrhythmias; verify tip placement with X-ray and discontinue infusion until verified.
- Air Emboli can cause shortness of breath, chest/shoulder/low back pain, weak/rapid pulse, hypotension, churning sound over precordium, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest; check for source of air leak, monitor vital signs, administer oxygen, and stay with patient.
- Pulmonary Edema can cause restlessness, engorged neck veins, slow increase in pulse, shortness of breath, gurgling respirations, and productive cough of frothy sputum; stop/slow infusion, monitor vital signs, administer oxygen, and administer medications as ordered.
- Speed Shock can cause dizziness, flushing, headache, tightness in chest, hypotension, irregular pulse, and anaphylactic shock; stop infusion immediately, maintain I.V line for emergency treatment, and treat symptoms of shock.
- Venous Spasm can cause cramping or pain above insertion site; decrease infusion rate, dilute medication further, and apply warm compress above insertion site.
- Exit-site infection can cause edema, inflammation, discoloration, and purulent drainage; remove peripheral catheter, culture drainage at site, and cleanse site with 70% alcohol after culturing.
- Septicemia/bacteremia can cause chills, fever, malaise, headache, weak/rapid pulse, flushed face, backache, nausea/vomiting, hypotension, and shock; evaluate symptoms, monitor vital signs, obtain blood culture, start antibiotic therapy, and discontinue I.V catheter.
How to Use Skin Patches and Vaginal Pessaries/Creams
Skin Patches:
- Wash and dry the skin before applying the patch, avoiding talc, oil, moisturizers, or creams.
- Remove the protective backing and press the adhesive side firmly on the skin, ensuring good contact at the edges.
- Hormone replacement patches should be applied below the waist on the buttocks or thighs, not on the breasts.
- Contraceptive patches should be applied to the buttocks, abdomen, upper outer arm, or upper torso, not on the breasts.
- Glyceryl trinitrate patches for angina should be applied to the chest or upper arm, while nicotine replacement patches can be applied to the chest, upper arm, or hip.
- Choose an area of skin that is not hairy, scarred, calloused, or broken, and avoid areas that may be rubbed by tight clothing.
- Remove the old patch each time before applying a new one and avoid reusing the same area to minimize irritation.
- Protect the patch from sunlight and heat, ensure the edges are well-sealed, and refer to the patient information leaflet for bathing or swimming instructions.
- If the skin feels sticky after removing the patch, use baby oil to clean it.
- Children must have patches applied by an adult, and the used patch should be disposed of securely to prevent accidental poisoning.
Vaginal Pessaries/Creams:
- Wash hands before using pessaries/cream and remove external packaging.
- Load the applicator, if provided, and stand with one leg on a chair or lie down with knees bent and legs apart.
- Insert the pessary or cream into the vagina using the applicator plunger or the middle finger if no applicator is provided.
How to Use Suppositories and Types of Tablets
- Suppositories are inserted into the rectum and should be warmed in hands before use.
- To insert a suppository, lie on one side with knees pulled up or squat and gently insert the suppository with a finger.
- Avoid emptying bowels for at least one hour after inserting a suppository, unless it is a laxative.
- Suppositories can melt and cause leakage and staining of clothes, so it's best to use them at night.
- A lubricant gel can help with insertion difficulties.
- Children may find suppository insertion distressing, so a clear explanation is essential.
- Children should empty the bowel and bladder before insertion, and lie on their side with knees pulled up.
- Tablets and capsules are the most common dosage forms in the UK.
- Tablets can come in various forms, such as film-coated, sugar-coated, enteric-coated, slow-release, effervescent, soluble, dispersible, chewable, sublingual, and buccal.
- Film-coated and sugar-coated tablets mask unpleasant tastes and make tablets easier to swallow.
- Enteric-coated tablets pass through the stomach unbroken and only dissolve in the intestine to protect the stomach or ensure local drug effect.
- Slow-release tablets release active ingredients slowly over 12-24 hours and must be swallowed whole to avoid toxic doses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the administration of nasal sprays and oral powders with this informative quiz! Explore the different types of nasal sprays and their uses, from treating the nasal lining to achieving a systemic effect. Learn about the proper technique for administering nasal sprays and how to prevent potential side effects. Discover the differences between bulk powders and unit dose powders and their respective uses. Take the quiz to enhance your understanding of nasal sprays and oral powders!
