Nanoparticles in Personalized Medicine
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What is a key characteristic of liposomes used in personalized medicine?

  • They require high temperatures for drug activation.
  • They can encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. (correct)
  • They have a rigid structure that prevents drug release.
  • They are only effective for localized drug delivery.

    • Which method is NOT commonly associated with the bottom-up approach in nanoparticle development?

  • Electrospinning (correct)
  • Self-assembling systems
  • Spray-drying
  • Nanoprecipitation

    • How does the surface-to-volume ratio affect nanoparticles in drug delivery?

  • Surface area has no impact on nanoparticle functionality.
  • A lower ratio enhances cellular uptake.
  • A higher ratio allows for better interaction with biological cells. (correct)
  • A higher ratio decreases the efficiency of drug loading.

    • What application of nanomedicine is specifically highlighted for vaccine enhancement?

    <p>Improved antigen delivery systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of surface engineering in nanoparticles?

    <p>To create a protective shell that enhances stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of nanoscale materials?

    <p>They exhibit size-dependent properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine produced?

    <p>By inserting the HBsAg gene into a yeast strain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the percentage of surface atoms as the number of shells in spherical iron nanocrystals increases?

    <p>It decreases consistently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surface area to volume ratio of a particle primarily affected by?

    <p>Its size and shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations is true?

    <p>They are used as COVID-19 vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a high surface to volume ratio important in nanomedicine?

    <p>It enhances the bioavailability of drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using nanoparticles for vaccine delivery, what is a key advantage?

    <p>They improve targeting of the immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of yeast is used in the production of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Richard Feynman emphasize in his 1959 lecture regarding synthetic chemistry?

    <p>The potential of manipulating individual atoms for synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nanoparticle was first approved by the FDA in 1995?

    <p>Doxil (stealth liposome) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary application of nanomedicine?

    <p>Gene and protein delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of nanoparticles significantly influences their biological interactions?

    <p>Surface-to-volume ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the first targeted liposome developed?

    <p>1980 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nanoparticle system is known for its role in controlled release for macromolecules?

    <p>PLGA-PEG NP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nanoparticle was introduced into clinical trials in 2011?

    <p>BIND-014 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nanoparticles are used to enhance the efficacy of gene therapy?

    <p>Liposomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nanoparticle technologies entered clinical trials in 2008?

    <p>CALAA-01 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nanoparticle technology has been recognized for its potential in what area of medicine?

    <p>Therapeutic drug delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing the aspect ratio (L/W ratio) of Au nanorods have on their longitudinal peaks?

    <p>It leads to a longer wavelength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the surface plasmon band of nanoparticles during aggregation?

    <p>It red-shifts due to interparticle coupling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between quantum dot (QD) size and light emission wavelength?

    <p>Larger QDs emit light with longer wavelengths than smaller QDs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dispersion color of 14 nm Au nanoparticles change during aggregation?

    <p>It experiences a red-to-blue transition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the energy and wavelength of visible light in the context of the spectrum?

    <p>Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Richard Feynman's lecture 'There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom'?

    <p>It suggested a new form of synthetic chemistry through atomic manipulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nanoparticles was first approved by the FDA?

    <p>Doxil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the first controlled release polymer system for macromolecules developed?

    <p>1976 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary application of nanoparticles in medicine?

    <p>Gene delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nanoparticle was introduced into clinical trials in 2011?

    <p>CALAA-01 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nanoparticles did Feynman's lecture primarily address?

    <p>Synthetic and atomic scale manipulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nanoparticle technology was developed for MR imaging?

    <p>Ferumoxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first targeted liposome introduced?

    <p>1980 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surface modification in nanoparticles?

    <p>To enhance stability and targeting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect when gold nanoparticles are in resonance with an oscillating electric field of incident light?

    <p>Production of energetic plasmonic electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do 14 nm gold nanoparticles appear red when exposed to white light?

    <p>They absorb other wavelengths while passing through red light, reflecting red light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon causes the surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles to red-shift as their size increases?

    <p>Retardation effect during excitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the size of gold nanoparticles and the wavelength of light they absorb?

    <p>Larger nanoparticles absorb longer wavelengths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the excitation maximum for Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)?

    <p>494 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When gold nanoparticles are used as a quencher, what effect do they have on the fluorescence of certain dyes?

    <p>Reduce fluorescence intensity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary outcome of the coherent resonance between nanoparticles and the external optical field?

    <p>Increased temperature of the nanoparticles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement is used to assess the absorption characteristics of gold nanoparticles?

    <p>UV-vis spectroscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy band gap of quantum dots (QDs) as their size increases?

    <p>It decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the emission wavelength of quantum dots and their size?

    <p>Emission wavelength increases with size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes quantum size effect in quantum dots?

    <p>Size-dependent energy band gap occurs when QDs are smaller than the exciton Bohr radius. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color transition occurs in the light emitted from quantum dots as they increase in size?

    <p>From blue to red. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when electrons in quantum dots return to the valence band?

    <p>Light is emitted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger quantum dots can be excited by light that also excites which of the following?

    <p>Both larger and smaller quantum dots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of quantum confinement in quantum dots?

    <p>Small sizes lead to strong quantum size confinement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the energy level of quantum dots behave with respect to size?

    <p>Larger QDs have lower energy levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of overlapping polymer coatings during coagulation?

    <p>They cause steric stabilization by pushing particles away. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does graft density of polymer ligands play in stabilizing nanoparticles?

    <p>Higher graft density leads to better stabilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PEGylation help in reducing non-specific protein binding?

    <p>By providing polar hydrogen bond acceptors for hydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the protein corona forming on nanoparticles?

    <p>It can interfere with the intended molecular recognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the steric exclusion effect produced by PEG in aqueous environments?

    <p>The extensive hydration and conformational flexibility of PEG. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attaching poly(ethylene glycol) to nanoparticles?

    <p>To reduce non-specific interactions with proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the coagulation step as particles get closer together?

    <p>Polymer coatings start to overlap, causing repulsion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond was used to graft DOX onto the chitosan skeleton?

    <p>Hydrazone bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Stern layer in charge-stabilized nanoparticles?

    <p>To prevent aggregation by providing electrostatic repulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key feature of successful surface coating for nanoparticles in aqueous medium?

    <p>Enhanced thermal conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in salt concentration have on charge-stabilized nanoparticles?

    <p>Reduces electrostatic repulsion, compromising stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of amphiphilic molecules, which of the following is a significant type used in drug delivery systems?

    <p>Surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component in the interaction between nanoparticles and cells?

    <p>Surface-functionality of the nanoparticles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does electrochemically exfoliated graphene play in nanoparticle applications?

    <p>It serves as a conductive material in biosensors or drug delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common characteristic of charge-stabilized nanoparticles?

    <p>Repulsion among surface charges prevents aggregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method for ensuring the surface functionality of nanoparticles?

    <p>Utilizing bioconjugation schemes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems

    • Nanoscale drug delivery systems are used for targeted drug delivery.
    • Introduction of this new area by Richard Feynman in 1959
    • Different types of nanoparticles, including gold nanoparticles (NPs), quantum dots (QDs), liposomes, and lipid NPs.
    • The fabrication methods for these nanoparticles include synthesis, surface modification, and various other processes.
    • Key applications include nanomedicine, gene delivery, and protein delivery.
    • Size-dependent properties of nanoparticles, such as the surface to volume ratio, are important factors.
    • Nanoparticles exhibit different melting points based on particle size.
    • Properties and techniques in surface plasmon resonance (SPR).
    • Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanoparticles, impacts their properties.
    • LSPR size and shape dependence.
    • Stability of nanoparticles in aqueous media using different coating methods such as Hydrophilic Thiol, Silica, Amphiphilic Polymer, and PEG.
    • Key aspects of protein corona formation on nanoparticles due to non-specific interactions.
    • PEGylation is a method for reducing non-specific protein binding.
    • Different types of nanomedicine.
    • Various methods used for synthesizing and fabricating nanoparticles, such as bottom-up and top-down approaches, including nanoprecipitation, spray drying, and PRINT.
    • Nanoparticle-based delivery systems for gene therapy/protein delivery.
    • Types of viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors.
    • First FDA-approved gene therapy for a genetic disease.
    • ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) of drugs.
    • Particle size affects drug targeting and biodistribution.
    • Advantages of nanoparticles for drug delivery, including enhanced bioavailability and selective drug accumulation at the target site.
    • Nanoparticle design to overcome delivery barriers.

    Protein Delivery

    • The global protein therapeutics market reached USD 341.4 billion in 2023
    • Proteins typically need to be injected due to their rapid degradation in the body.
    • The first generation of protein/peptide therapeutics uses native sequences identical with naturally occurring proteins in body tissues.
    • The second generation of protein/peptide therapeutics has improved properties (especially PK, biodistribution, higher specificity, efficacy and reduced side effects), including the modification of structures using chemical compounds.
    • Examples of proteins (first generation) include insulin, growth hormone, and others.
    • Examples of proteins/peptides (second generation) include engineered/modified versions of insulin, growth hormone, and others and monoclonal antibodies.
    • Nanotechnology for protein delivery has a novel route of administration(the third generation), new formulations, and higher efficiency and safety.
    • Oral delivery of insulin using nanotechnology approaches to increase absorption.
    • Examples of glucose-responsive nanoparticles for insulin delivery.
    • Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery.
    • Methods used to deliver protein therapeutics, like liposomes for encapsulation.
    • Example of nanoparticle-based treatments, such as ThermoDox®, for the treatment of refractory solid tumors.
    • Advantages and applications of nanoparticulate protein delivery systems.
    • **

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to nanoparticles, particularly in the context of personalized medicine and drug delivery. Test your knowledge on liposomes, nanoparticle development methods, and the role of surface engineering. Discover how nanomedicine is enhancing vaccine applications.

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