nalanda university - henley passport index
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Questions and Answers

What year did Nalanda University first admit its students?

  • 2016
  • 2018
  • 2010
  • 2014 (correct)

Which of the following individuals was the first Chancellor of Nalanda University?

  • Arvind Panagariya
  • Amartya Sen (correct)
  • Abhay Kumar Singh
  • George Yeo

Which significant architectural award did BV Doshi receive in 2018?

  • Padma Vibhushan
  • Royal Gold Medal
  • Padma Bhushan
  • Pritzker Architecture Prize (correct)

The East Asia Summit was established in which year?

<p>2005 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which declaration supported the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine?

<p>Balfour Declaration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first visitor of Nalanda University?

<p>Pranab Mukherjee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Palestine become a non-member observer state?

<p>2012 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization recognized the ruins of Nalanda University as a UN Heritage Site?

<p>UNESCO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conflicts has not occurred in the timeline of the Israel-Palestine Conflict?

<p>Persian Gulf War (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was the first to recognize Israel as an Islamic state?

<p>Turkey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emperor founded Nalanda University?

<p>Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 1193 related to Nalanda?

<p>The destruction by Bakhtiyar Khilji (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many students did I-Tsing report were studying at Nalanda during his visit?

<p>2,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major support source for Nalanda University during its peak?

<p>Wealth from 200 villages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who rediscovered Nalanda in 1812?

<p>Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During whose reign was Nalanda University most prominent?

<p>King Harshavardhana (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Nalanda University between 455-470 AD?

<p>It was attacked by the Hunas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these figures advocated for the return of Nalanda in 2006?

<p>Former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country was the second Arab state to recognize Israel?

<p>Jordan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable structure was founded during Emperor Skanda Gupta's reign?

<p>The renowned Nalanda library (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Israel's Iron Dome?

<p>Air defense against various airborne threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Chinese scholar studied at Nalanda for about 5 years?

<p>Xuanzang (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agreement covers the distribution of non-tax proceeds between the union government and the states in India?

<p>Article 270 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Kesavananda Bharati case of 1973?

<p>Recognition of the basic structure doctrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body is responsible for the formation and recommendations of the Finance Commission in India?

<p>President of India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which doctrine was referred to in the case regarding the revival of Article 31C?

<p>Doctrine of Revival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major legal challenge faced by the 25th Constitutional Amendment concerning bank nationalization?

<p>Right to compensation was not adequately protected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rivers does India have full rights to according to the Indus Water Treaty?

<p>Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Stuxnet virus that was developed by the USA and Israel?

<p>Disrupting Iran's nuclear program (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Islamic group is NOT part of the Axis of Resistance as formed by Iran?

<p>Al-Qaeda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What governs the resolution mechanism for disputes between India and Pakistan over water sharing?

<p>A three-step process involving all three entities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hydropower project is located on the Marusudar River?

<p>Pakal Dul Hydro Electric Project (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Ecocide' refer to?

<p>Killing one's home or environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country was recognized as the 12th nation to define ecocide as a crime?

<p>Belgium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major tributaries are associated with the Ganga River?

<p>Son, Ghaghara, and Yamuna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific action did India take after the Pulwama attacks in 2019 concerning water sharing?

<p>Threatened to cut off water supplies to Pakistan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the Hague’s Permanent Court of Arbitration rule on India's right to divert water?

<p>2013 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which passport ranks 83rd in the Henley Passport Index?

<p>India (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Neutral Expert in the dispute resolution process?

<p>To provide a decision if technical differences remain unresolved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 670 AD related to Nalanda University?

<p>I-Tsing visited and reported on its students. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ruler was instrumental in the restoration of Nalanda after its early 7th-century attack?

<p>Harshavardhana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country proposed to re-establish Nalanda University in 2007?

<p>India (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which architectural marvel was exclusively designed by BV Doshi for the campus of Nalanda University?

<p>The academic buildings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major reason for Nalanda's decline in the 12th century?

<p>Destruction by foreign invaders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with rediscovering Nalanda in the modern era?

<p>Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Asian countries had students studying at Nalanda during its peak?

<p>China, Tibet, Mongolia, and Korea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was established during the reign of Emperor Skanda Gupta at Nalanda?

<p>The renowned library (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Nalanda University officially open its new campus?

<p>2006 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient Indian ruler is known to have founded Nalanda University?

<p>Kumaragupta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Nalanda University Act come into existence?

<p>2010 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable award did BV Doshi receive posthumously?

<p>Padma Vibhushan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the campus of Nalanda University?

<p>It has extensive water bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country recognized Palestine as a non-member observer state first?

<p>United Kingdom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who made the initial proposal for the East Asia Summit?

<p>Mahathir Mohamad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which armed conflict is considered the most recent in the timeline of the Israel-Palestine conflict?

<p>2023-present conflict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant facility does Nalanda University utilize for wastewater management?

<p>Water recycling plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chancellor is currently leading Nalanda University?

<p>Arvind Panagariya (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Balfour Declaration is associated with which significant historical event?

<p>Establishment of Israel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations has not granted Israel any form of status?

<p>OIC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC)?

<p>To act as a platform for dispute resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows the intervention of a Neutral Expert if disputes remain unresolved?

<p>Court of Arbitration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country recently recognized ecocide as a crime?

<p>Belgium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the year 2013 in relation to the Indus Water Treaty?

<p>The Hague’s Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled on India's water diversion rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project specifically falls under the Kiru Hydro Electric Project?

<p>Located in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, on Chenab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did India agree to supply water to Pakistani canals from Eastern rivers according to the Transition Period?

<p>10 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Indus Water Treaty, what does 'upper riparian country' mean?

<p>A country that has control over river water flow upstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum range of the S-400 missile shield?

<p>600 km (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which passport currently ranks highest, allowing visa-free entry to the most number of countries?

<p>Singapore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Islamic groups is part of the Axis of Resistance formed by Iran?

<p>Hezbollah (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant environmental connection was made in 1970 by Arthur Galston?

<p>Environmental devastation and genocide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Kesavananda Bharati case of 1973?

<p>Constitutional amendments cannot alter the basic structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many countries are known to have recognized ecocide as a crime?

<p>12 countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant document governs the distribution of non-tax proceeds between the Union government and the states in India?

<p>Article 270 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country was the first to recognize Israel, followed by Jordan?

<p>Egypt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Indian body has a constitutional and quasi-judicial status under Article 280?

<p>Finance Commission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the strategic aim of the Stuxnet virus developed by the USA and Israel?

<p>To disrupt Iran's nuclear facility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal provision allows governments to acquire property in relation to material resources of the community?

<p>Article 39(b) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spy agency is associated with Iran?

<p>SAVAK (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nalanda University Founding

Founded by the Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta in 427 CE in modern Bihar.

Nalanda University Flourishing

Flourished for 600 years, reaching peak popularity during the eras of Harshavardhana and the Palas.

Xuan Zang & Nalanda

Chinese scholar Xuan Zang visited and studied at Nalanda for 5 years, collecting scriptures later translated into Chinese.

Nalanda's International Influence

Students from various Asian countries (China, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea) studied at Nalanda.

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Nalanda University Attacks

Nalanda faced attacks throughout its history, notably by the Hunas and later groups.

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Nalanda Library

The famous Nalanda library was established during Emperor Skanda Gupta's reign.

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Nalanda's Rediscovery

Nalanda was rediscovered in 1812 by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton and identified by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1861.

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Nalanda University in the 12th century

Nalanda University was destroyed in 1193.

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East Asia Summit and Nalanda

Leaders in the East Asia Summit (EAS) supported the re-establishment of Nalanda University in 2006 and 2007.

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Nalanda's Location

Nalanda is located in Rajgir, Bihar, India, about 12 km from the ruins of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara complex.

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Nalanda University

An international university in India, established to promote higher learning and research.

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East Asia Summit (EAS)

An intergovernmental forum involving ASEAN and its dialogue partners. It focuses on political, security, and economic matters in the Indo-Pacific region.

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Pritzker Architecture Prize

A prestigious international award recognizing outstanding architectural design.

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Balfour Declaration

A 1917 declaration by the UK expressing support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

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Israel-Palestine conflict

A complex historical conflict involving competing claims to land.

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UN Heritage Site

A place recognized by the UN as culturally or historically significant.

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Partition of Palestine

A proposed division of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states.

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Net-Zero Green Campus

An environmentally sustainable campus with a goal of minimizing its carbon footprint.

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UN Observer State

A state that has a non-voting position within the UN.

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Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)

An initiative by India to promote cooperation and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

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1st Arab State to Recognize Israel

Egypt formally recognized Israel in 1979, marking a significant shift in Arab-Israeli relations.

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2nd Arab State to Recognize Israel

Jordan established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994, following the signing of the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty.

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1st Arab-Israeli War

The 1948 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the First Arab-Israeli War, erupted after the UN Partition Plan for Palestine was adopted.

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Iran's Intelligence Agency

SAVAK, the acronym for 'Sazman-e Ettela'at va Amniat Keshvar' (Organization of Intelligence and National Security), was Iran's intelligence agency during the reign of the Shah.

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Israel's Intelligence Agency

Mossad is Israel's national intelligence agency, known for its clandestine operations.

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Axis of Resistance

A coalition of groups, including Hamas, Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels, formed by Iran to oppose Israel, the US, and Sunni-dominated countries in the Middle East.

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Iron Dome

Israel's Iron Dome is a multi-layered defense system designed to intercept and neutralize incoming rockets, artillery, mortars, and other threats.

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C-Dome

A naval version of Israel's Iron Dome, designed to protect ships against rocket and missile attacks.

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Indrajaal

India's first indigenous drone defense dome, developed by Gene Robotics in Hyderabad.

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S-400 Missile Shield

A long-range surface-to-air missile system manufactured in Russia, capable of engaging multiple aerial targets simultaneously.

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Indus Water Treaty

An agreement between India and Pakistan, signed in 1960, that governs the sharing of the six Himalayan rivers flowing through both countries.

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Upper Riparian Country

A country located upstream on a river, having the first access to its waters.

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Permanent Indus Commission (PIC)

A body established by the Indus Water Treaty to manage water resources and resolve disputes between India and Pakistan.

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What is the significance of the 'Transition Period' in the Indus Water Treaty?

The 10-year period (1960-1970) during which India was obligated to provide water to Pakistani canals from Eastern rivers while Pakistan developed its canal system for Western rivers.

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How does the Indus Water Treaty address disputes?

It provides a three-step dispute resolution mechanism: 1) Permanent Indus Commission, 2) Neutral Expert, 3) Court of Arbitration.

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What is Ecocide?

The widespread destruction or damage of the environment, particularly on a large scale, considered a crime against the planet.

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What is the significance of Belgium recognizing ecocide as a crime?

It becomes the first European country to acknowledge ecocide as both a national and international crime, demonstrating a growing global concern for environmental protection.

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What is the Henley Passport Index?

A ranking of passports based on the number of countries a passport holder can access without a visa.

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What is the significance of Singapore's passport ranking?

Singapore's passport is ranked #1 in the world, allowing visa-free entry to 195 countries, a testament to its strong international relations and economic stability.

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What is the significance of India's passport ranking?

India ranks 83rd in the Henley Passport Index, allowing visa-free entry to 58 countries, indicating the need for improvement in global mobility.

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Nalanda University's Golden Age

Flourished for 600 years, reaching its peak during the eras of King Harshavardhana (606-647 AD) and the Palas monarchs. Its influence spanned across Asia.

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Xuan Zang's Influence on Nalanda

Chinese scholar Xuan Zang visited and studied at Nalanda for five years, collecting scriptures that were later translated into Chinese, spreading the university's knowledge eastward.

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Why was Nalanda attacked by the Hunas?

During 455-470 AD, the Hunas, a Central Asian tribal group, attacked Nalanda Mahavihara. The motives were likely plunder and expansion.

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Nalanda's Revival under Skanda Gupta

Emperor Skanda Gupta restored the university after the Huna invasion. Under his rule, the famed Nalanda library was established.

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Why was Nalanda destroyed in the 12th Century?

In 1193, Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of the Turkish ruler Qutbuddin Aibak, destroyed the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara, marking a tragic end to the university's legacy.

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How was Nalanda rediscovered?

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton rediscovered the ruins of Nalanda in 1812. Later, Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1861 confirmed its identity as the famous ancient university.

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Modern Revival of Nalanda University

In 2006, the former President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and leaders from East Asian Summit (EAS) countries advocated for the re-establishment of Nalanda University. The proposal was formally endorsed in 2007.

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Location of the Modern Nalanda University

The modern Nalanda University is located in Rajgir, Bihar, India, about 12 km away from the ruins of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara complex.

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What kind of university is Nalanda today?

The modern Nalanda University is an international institution, promoting higher learning and research, focusing on Asian studies, and fostering cross-cultural exchange.

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Second Arab State to Recognize Israel

Following Egypt, Jordan was the second Arab country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994. This step marked a significant move towards regional stability.

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Nalanda University's Revival

Nalanda University, a prominent ancient institution of learning, was re-established in 2010 after centuries of destruction and a call for its revival during the 2007 East Asia Summit.

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Nalanda University's Founders

Nalanda University was founded by the Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta in 427 CE.

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Nalanda University's Legacy

Nalanda University flourished for 600 years, reaching its peak during the eras of Harshavardhana and the Palas, attracting scholars from across Asia.

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What is the East Asia Summit?

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a forum of 18 member countries in the Indo-Pacific region, including ASEAN countries and dialogue partners like India, China, Japan, and Australia.

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Who proposed the EAS?

The idea for the East Asia Summit was first proposed by then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1991.

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What was the Balfour Declaration?

The Balfour Declaration, issued in 1917, expressed British support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

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What was the 1947 UN Partition Plan?

The UN proposed a partition plan for Palestine in 1947, dividing the territory into Jewish and Arab states, which Jews accepted, but Arabs refused.

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What is the PLO?

The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was formed in 1964 to represent the Palestinian people's interests in the ongoing conflict.

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What is the 'Green Line'?

The 'Green Line' is the demarcation line that separated Israel from the West Bank, established after the 1967 Six-Day War, marking a disputed border.

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Who is the founding father of Israel?

David Ben-Gurion, a prominent Zionist leader, is considered Israel's founding father, leading the nation to independence in 1948.

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Transition Period

A 10-year period (1960-1970) during which India was obligated to provide water to Pakistani canals from Eastern rivers while Pakistan developed its own canal system for Western rivers.

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How is the Indus Water Treaty structured?

It uses a three-step dispute resolution mechanism: 1) Permanent Indus Commission, 2) Neutral Expert, 3) Court of Arbitration.

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Why is Belgium recognizing ecocide as a crime?

It becomes the first European country to do so, showcasing a growing global concern for environmental protection.

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Study Notes

Nalanda University

  • Inaugurated by PM Modi, located in Rajgir, Bihar.
  • Occupies 455 acres of land.
  • Designed by architect BV Doshi.
  • Situated 12 km from the ruins of ancient Nalanda Mahavihara.
  • Destroyed in 1193 by Bakhtiyar Khilji.
  • Founded by the Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta in 427 CE.
  • Flourished for 600 years.
  • Reached prominence during the reigns of Harshavardhana and the Palas monarchs.
  • Xuan Zang (Hiuen Tsang) studied here for 5 years.
  • I-Tsing visited in 670 AD and noted 2000 students and support from 200 villages.
  • Students from various Asian countries (China, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea).
  • Connected with the Indonesian Shailendra dynasty.
  • Site where spiritual figures like Buddha and Mahavira meditated.
  • Rediscovered by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1812).
  • Identified as an ancient university by Sir Alexander Cunningham (1861).
  • Encountered attacks (Hunas in 455-470 AD and Goudas in the early 7th century).
  • Re-established by Emperor Skanda Gupta.
  • Nalanda library founded during Skanda Gupta's reign.
  • Re-establishment advocated by figures like A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and the Singapore government.
  • Proposal endorsed by East Asia Summit in 2007-2009.
  • Nalanda University Act enacted in 2010.
  • Foundation stone for permanent campus laid in 2016, construction started 2017.
  • Participants from 17 countries.
  • First Chancellor: Amartya Sen.
  • First Visitor: Pranab Mukherjee.
  • Second Chancellor: George Yeo.
  • Current Chancellor: Arvind Panagariya.
  • Current Vice Chancellor: Abhay Kumar Singh.
  • "Net Zero" green campus with solar, water treatment, and recycling facilities.
  • Ruins declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2016).

East Asia Summit (EAS)

  • Established in 2005 as an ASEAN-led initiative.
  • Leader-led forum in Indo-Pacific for political, security, and economic discussions.
  • First proposed by Mahathir Mohamad in 1991.
  • First summit in Kuala Lumpur (2005).
  • 18 members: 10 ASEAN countries + 8 dialogue partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States).
  • India a founding member since 2005.
  • 2019 summit in Bangkok saw India's Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) unveiled.

Israel-Palestine Conflict

  • Palestine first applied for UN membership in 2011 becoming a non-member observer state in 2012.
  • Balfour Declaration (1917): UK support for Jewish national home in Palestine.
  • UK controlled Palestine after WWI.
  • Increased Jewish migration (1922-26).
  • British Mandate for Palestine (1923).
  • Peel Commission (1936): recommended Palestine partition.
  • UN partition plan (1947): accepted by Jews, rejected by Arabs.
  • Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1948.
  • Israel's independence declaration (May 14, 1948).
  • PLO formed in 1964.
  • PLO granted observer status by UN (1975).
  • UN recognized Palestine's right to self-determination.
  • Gaza Strip: bordered by Israel and Egypt; controlled by Egypt after partition till 1967.
  • West Bank: landlocked territory bordered by Jordan (controlled till 1967) and Israel.
  • Palestinians want East Jerusalem as capital.
  • Multiple Arab-Israeli wars (1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1973, 1982, 2006, 2023-present).
  • Iran-Israel conflict: Iran's revolution (1979) and enmity with US-influenced countries.
  • Recent strikes and drone attacks between Iran and Israel.
  • Israel-Iran nuclear conflicts.
  • Axis of Resistance (Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis).
  • Israel's Iron Dome defence system.
  • India's Indrajad drone dome defence system.

16th Finance Commission

  • Dr. Arvind Panagariya appointed chairman.
  • Constitutional/quasi-judicial body (Article 280).
  • Composition: 1 chairman + 4 members; tenure of 5 years.
  • Submits report to the President.
  • Deadline: October 31, 2025.
  • Duration: 2025-2030.
  • Revenue sharing formula uses income distance category weighting.
  • 15th FC recommended a 4% fiscal deficit of GDP.

Indus Water Treaty

  • Signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan (Nehru & Ayub Khan).
  • Negotiated over 9 years with World Bank assistance.
  • Effective from April 1, 1960.
  • Eastern rivers to India; Western rivers to Pakistan under specific conditions (limited irrigation/power).
  • 80% water allocated to Pakistan; 20% to India.
  • Dispute resolution mechanism: Permanent Indus Commission (IPC), Neutral Expert, Court of Arbitration.
  • Recent incidents affecting treaty observance.

Article 31C & Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

  • Article 31C, Introduced by 25th CAA, protects laws giving effect to DPSPs from fundamental rights challenges (esp. Articles 14 and 19).
  • 25th CAA addressed difficulties implementing DPSPs.
  • Banking nationalisation case (1969), SC stopped central acquisition.
  • Kesavananda Bharati case (1973): Established constitutional basic structure doctrine.
  • Specific Articles: 39(b), 39(c) of DPSP.
  • Article 39(b) focuses on community resource distribution, and 39(c) on preventing the concentration of wealth and means of production to the detriment of the collective good.
  • Minerva Mills (1980): struck down the expanded version of 31C.
  • Recent Maharashtra Housing Act case involves questions on Article 31C revival and resource implications under Article 39(b).

Other Topics

  • Belgium recognizes ecocide as crime; one of 12 countries; first in Europe.
  • Ecocide defined.
  • Henley Passport Index: India ranks 83 out of 199, visa-free entry to 58 countries; Singapore passport ranks highest.

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Explore the rich history of Nalanda University, inaugurated by PM Modi and located in Rajgir, Bihar. This ancient educational center flourished for 600 years and attracted students from various Asian countries, including notable scholars like Xuan Zang. Learn about its significant architectural design, historical importance, and destruction in 1193.

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