CS408 final term
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_____ computing is to enable devices to sense changes in their environment and to automatically adapt and act based on these changes.

Ubiquitous

According to the law of many European and western countries, organizations with a website must ensure that their website is accessible by _____________.

Disabled persons

Interactive features, safety features, and reliability are all examples of the requirements of a system.

  • Non-functional (correct)
  • Multi-functional
  • Uni-functional
  • Functional (correct)

    • ___________ are people who do not currently use the product but who are good candidates for using it in the future.

    <p>Potential users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ are the visible representations of functions and data in the interface like panes, frames, and other containers on screen.

    <p>Defining functional and data elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evaluations done during design to check that the product continues to meet users' needs are known as _____________ evaluation.

    <p>Formative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You have a cell phone that has alarms, email, and web browsers applications. Which of the following posture cell phone have?

    <p>Transient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an interview, a student will ask questions about domains in ________.

    <p>Early phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______________ techniques are used individually or in combination and are often supplemented with photos from a still camera.

    <p>Data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The name of the document should be shown on the application's ____________.

    <p>Title bar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ____________ derives from systems theory and refers not only to the hardware and software but to the entire environment.

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graphic designer uses _____________ test to ensure that visual interface design employs contrast effectively.

    <p>Squint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will be more effective to understand for humans while designing a visual interface?

    <p>Use of visual symbols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When deleting a file or folder in Windows XP, which of the following error dialog appears?

    <p>Confirmation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dialog will help a student make a presentation in PowerPoint?

    <p>Wizards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Juran, the fitness for purpose or use, is said to be ____________.

    <p>Quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evaluation paradigm is appropriate for an interface designer creating a user interface involving a quantitative engineering style of working?

    <p>Usability testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are people less able to distinguish fine detail in blue?

    <p>There are fewer cones in the center of the retina that are sensitive to blue light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between the intentions and allowable actions is the:

    <p>Gulf of Execution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engineering a user interface involves a quantitative engineering style of working in which measurements are used to judge the quality of interface. Hence ____________ is appropriate.

    <p>Usability testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attention is the process of selecting things to concentrate on, at a point in time, from the range of __________.

    <p>possibilities available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To implement __________ in tabs or buttons bar, each button needs to be a separate graphic.

    <p>Rollovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The goals of HCI are:

    <p>All of the above options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WYSIWYG stands for __________.

    <p>What you see is what you get</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are a well-established technique for collecting demographic data and users' opinions.

    <p>Questionnaires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali wants to develop an application that incorporates print, audio, video media, and software applications on a single place. Which of the following will help in this regard?

    <p>World Wide Web (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is proportional to the amplitude of the sound.

    <p>Loudness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the given statements correctly defines effectiveness in terms of one of the usability goals?

    <p>It is a very general goal and refers to how good a system at doing what it is supposed to do. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People frequently counter the idea of ________ feedback with arguments that users don't like it.

    <p>Audible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ present a fascinating lens through which we can view the network relationships between systems.

    <p>Metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the given statements correctly defines efficiency in terms of one of the usability goals?

    <p>It refers to the way a system supports users in carrying out their tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ environments are environments that are user and context aware.

    <p>Attentive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While there can be wide variations in where and how you conduct usability tests, every usability test shares:

    <p>Five Characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the comparison of what happened in the world with what we wanted to happen?

    <p>Evaluation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A team of web developers evaluates a website whether user-interface elements conform to the principles. Which of the techniques do they follow?

    <p>Heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ Research can tell you about what, how, many and why in rich, multivariate detail.

    <p>Qualitative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You may view in Microsoft Word to provide printed documentation, that is used as a reference tool for perpetual intermediate. It is called.

    <p>Online help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you do a search on google.com or any other search engine, which of the following will help the search engine to match user queries with keywords in a website?

    <p>Metadata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usability testing works for _____________.

    <p>All products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ computers are especially useful for applications that require computational support while the user's hands, voice, eyes, or attention are actively engaged with the physical environment.

    <p>Wearable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transactional sites that are used for a significant part of an employee's job should be considered full _____________ applications.

    <p>sovereign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone is doing voice chat with his friend, which physical receptor is involved in this process?

    <p>Ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statement 'What site is this?' represents __________.

    <p>Site ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following senses do not play a significant role in HCI?

    <p>Taste and smell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is a usability test in which a member of the test team sits in the room with the participant and actively probes the participant's understanding.

    <p>Active intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is needed to check that users can use the product and like it.

    <p>Evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ are perhaps the least-documented patterns, but they are nonetheless in widespread use.

    <p>Structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good examples of _____________ are word processors and spreadsheets; these programs use full-screen, monopolizing the user's attention for long periods of time.

    <p>Sovereign posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evaluations done during design to check that the product continues to meet user's needs are known as _____________ evaluation.

    <p>formative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ and _________ are the same things.

    <p>Excise and Navigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is the extra work that satisfies the needs to achieve our objective.

    <p>Excise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DECIDE framework _______________ comes just after choosing the evaluation paradigm and techniques.

    <p>Identifying the practical issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali is an HCI specialist; he believes that usability testing works for __________.

    <p>All products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DECIDE framework choosing the evaluation comes just after _______.

    <p>Exploring the questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Version numbers should not be given on the ________ of a website since it does not attract users.

    <p>Home page</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When we tell our word processor to print a document, it doesn't tell us when the paper supply is low, or when forty other documents are queued up before us because software lacks the following characteristics.

    <p>Considerate software is forthcoming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Number of keystrokes is the type of ____________ work.

    <p>Physical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Problem solving, planning, reasoning, and decision-making are all cognitive involving__________.

    <p>Reflective cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ has a goal of assessing whether the product works according to its specifications.

    <p>Quality assurance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnography is a method that comes originally from anthropology and literally means

    <p>Writing the culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In usability test, which is a technique from given below options, in which you have two participants work together to perform the tasks.

    <p>Co-Discovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Information sites with daily-updated information will naturally attract _________ users more than a monthly-updated site.

    <p>Repeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of reasoning?

    <p>Abdicative, Inductive and Deductive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the user requires access via a navigational portal relatively infrequently, the appropriate posture is ______________.

    <p>transient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the goals of HCI?

    <p>To produce non-functional systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because the user's interaction with a _________ program dominates his session at the computer, the program shouldn't be afraid to take as much screen real estate as possible.

    <p>sovereign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Web designers use the term _____________ to describe the set of navigation elements that appear on every page of a site.

    <p>Penitent navigation or global navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is particularly useful early in design. It is an excellent technique to use with the prototype, because it provides a wealth of diagnostic information.

    <p>Active intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human eye has approximately _________ rods and __________ cones per eye.

    <p>120 million, 6 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered the most complex species?

    <p>Humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To make an appointment you need to see a calendar and possibly contacts you might incorporate all these together, due to ______.

    <p>form factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Global Navigation system is also called__________.

    <p>Persistent Navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs are called _______________.

    <p>Quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true regarding 'cones'?

    <p>More sensitive to light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ applications are great platforms for creating an environment rich in visual feedback for the user.

    <p>Sovereign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overviews serve a similar purpose to _________ in an interface.

    <p>signposts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement?

    <p>Human-computer interface specialists are user-centered and software engineers are system-centered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panes, frames and other containers on screen is a kind of _____________.

    <p>functional and data elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true?

    <p>Usability is concerned with adding complexity to the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is not a characteristic of a usability test?

    <p>The participants do not represent real users (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formal methods are used to represent

    <p>Both architecture and procedural aspects of software systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface system is based on the question/answer dialogue?

    <p>Query interfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Figuring out where you are ‘on the web' is called__________.

    <p>Web Navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choice of operations and services are offered on the screen through __________

    <p>Menus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desktop applications fit into _____________ categories of posture.

    <p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Navigation represents excise except in ___________.

    <p>Web (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the gulf of execution if the user is able to formulate and perform the actions easily?

    <p>Smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is an early release of a product to a few users.

    <p>Beta test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Form-filling interfaces are used for

    <p>Data entry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ is the process of selecting things to concentrate on, at a point in time, from the range of possibilities available.

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a flaw in the waterfall model?

    <p>All of the given (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are two aspects in which we can understand the nature of usability.

    <p>Strategic and Tactical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name of the document should be shown on the application‘s__________.

    <p>Title bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exploring how children talk together in order to see if an innovative new groupware product would help them to be more engaged would probably be better informed by a ______________.

    <p>Field study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once the user inputs into the system, the input language is translated into the language as operations to be performed by the system.

    <p>Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    User and system have their own unique language; the language used by the system is called __________.

    <p>Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the remarkable facility that lets us reverse a previous action.

    <p>Undo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ is not like other pages; it has different burdens to bear, different promises to keep.

    <p>Homepage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to toggle between two states?

    <p>Radio buttons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a text entry device?

    <p>Keyboard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ suggests identifying goals and questions first before selecting techniques for the study.

    <p>DECIDE framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conventional wisdom says that ________ tell the user when he has made some mistake.

    <p>Error messages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Mistakes' and 'Slips' are two forms of

    <p>Errors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HCI deals with _______________________.

    <p>All of the given choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ model should match the __________ model.

    <p>User, conceptual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is/are aspect(s) of human action?

    <p>Execution and evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ frequent your primary personas access the site, _____________ transient a stance the site needs to take (respectively).

    <p>More, Less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Design of user interfaces does not entirely __________ aesthetic concerns, but rather it places such concerns within the constraints of a __________ Framework.

    <p>Exclude, Functional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Building things from the user's perspective is called

    <p>Usability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you engage in a conversation you are more attentive to what the other person is saying. It is called?

    <p>Focused Attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain factors that help us to interact with graphical based systems include

    <p>Both (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drive a vehicle while holding a conversation with a passenger is the example of _________.

    <p>Divided Attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The way people carry out an activity in the real world is the same as how it may be observed in the laboratory.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a semantic network?

    <p>A model of long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ is like the building name for a website.

    <p>Site ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____________ is like the building name for a website.

    <p>Site ID or logo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a powerful, multipurpose design tool that helps overcome several problems that currently plague the development of digital products.

    <p>Persona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ personas address the needs of customers, not end users.

    <p>Customer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Persona is not context specific, so it can be reused easily.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an email application, configuring a new email server is a key path activity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The size and shape of a compact disk is a type of _____________ constraint.

    <p>Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices can not be useful for a visually impaired person?

    <p>A typical monitor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gulf of execution refers to __________.

    <p>The user's difficulty in formulating and articulating an intention to the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are high level usability categories that can guide standards and guidelines generation?

    <p>(i), (ii) &amp; (iv) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the primary colors?

    <p>Green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human beings interact with the outside world using their:

    <p>All of the given (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visually impaired persons can interact with the outside world using their:

    <p>Both sense of touch and sense of hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ refers to the relationship between controls and their effects in the world.

    <p>Mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is a very general goal of Usability and refers to how good a system is at doing what it is supposed to do.

    <p>Effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is what goes on in our heads when we carry out our everyday activities.

    <p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions or infer something new about the domain of interest.

    <p>Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an organization, individuals may keep their own records, or there may be local gurus. This statement concerns with __________.

    <p>Organizational memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using icons on the desktop to represent operations is a type of ________ constraint.

    <p>Logical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is a term used to refer to an attribute of an object that allows people to know how to use it.

    <p>Affordance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ minimize errors.

    <p>Constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Models are used in design to:

    <p>Generate and evaluate the design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the most significant senses for the average person when it comes to interacting with a computer?

    <p>Sight, hearing and touch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ refers to the way a system supports users in carrying out their tasks.

    <p>Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are GUIs that consist of electronic counterparts to physical objects in the real world to match the knowledge requirements of users.

    <p>Interface Metaphors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ language tends to be grammatical while _________ language is often ungrammatical.

    <p>Written, spoken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspect gives us hints and tips about using and creating user interface idioms.

    <p>Tactical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faisal wants to develop an application that incorporates print, audio video media and software applications in one place. Which of the following will help in this regard?

    <p>Worldwide Web (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faisal identified two different modes of activity: one is _________ and the other is ___________.

    <p>Analytic mode, synthetic mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ are dragged down from the title at the top of the screen.

    <p>Pull Down Menus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you engage in a conversation, you are more attentive to what the other person is saying. It is called?

    <p>Focused Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Driving a vehicle while holding a conversation with a passenger is an example of ________.

    <p>Divided Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GOMS stands for:

    <p>Goals operation methods and selection rules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is/are the main component(s) of color?

    <p>All of the given (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is a Usability Goal and refers to how easy a system is to remember how to use once learned.

    <p>Memorability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mouse button invites pushing by the way it is physically constrained in its plastic shell, is an example of ________ Design Principle.

    <p>Affordance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali wants to make a copy of a document in MS Word to make some changes to the original. Which process will help?

    <p>Archiving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you want to find out whether adding a bulletin board to an e-commerce website increases the number of visitors, which analysis will help?

    <p>Quantitative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you try to log on to Yahoo and wrongly enter a password in capital letters causing an error message, which error message dialog will appear?

    <p>Alerts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With the help of ____ Model, one can quantify (on the basis of Quantitative Measurements) the human performance in using computer-based systems.

    <p>GOMS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is an iterative process best performed with a small, collaborative group.

    <p>Sketching the interaction framework (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical objects are said to have ____ affordance.

    <p>Real</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these specialists is user-centered?

    <p>HCI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Companies ABC market its product in a traditional way. Which research method will the company follow for a successful traditional marketing campaign?

    <p>Focus group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The missing ingredient in scenario-based methods is the use of _____

    <p>Persona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are concise narrative descriptions of one or more personas using a product to achieve a specific goal.

    <p>Personal-based scenario (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not part of the WWW?

    <p>Conceptual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HCI specialists want to measure the typical user’s performance on typical tasks. Which evaluation paradigm will be used?

    <p>Usability testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laboratory experiments are strongly controlled and are quite different from workplace, home, and leisure environments; therefore, they have low ecological __________.

    <p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ are the links to the main portions of the site at the top level of the site hierarchy.

    <p>Sections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Browser title always contains the word:

    <p>Browser (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adding seven or more additional colors ____ search performance.

    <p>Degraded (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brick (TMG 1990-95) is a graphical user interface that allows ____ control of virtual objects through handles called 'Bricks'.

    <p>Direct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ minimize errors.

    <p>Constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ are dragged down from the title at the top of the screen.

    <p>Pull Down Menus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ aspect(s) gives us hints and tips about using and creating user interface idioms, like dialog boxes and pushbuttons.

    <p>Tactical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Usability Engineering lifecycle was proposed by _________.

    <p>Deborah Mayhew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    He identified two different modes of activity: one is _________ and the other is ___________.

    <p>Analytic mode, synthetic mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ is a concrete expression of the more abstract structure of the site.

    <p>Skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beneath the surface is the __________ of the site: the placement of buttons, tabs, photos, and blocks of text.

    <p>Skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ are individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected by the user to invoke specific operations.

    <p>Buttons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ function came into being as the result of the implementation model for undo.

    <p>Redo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around 63% of software projects exceed their cost estimates. The top four reasons for this are: A– Frequent requests for changes from users, B– Overlooked tasks, C– Users' lack of understanding of their own requirements, D– Insufficient user-analyst communication and understanding. Which are correct?

    <p>ABC&amp;D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ of the potential sales from a site are lost because people cannot find the item they are looking for.

    <p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human eye is very sensitive to ______.

    <p>Light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Top of the web page contains the _________.

    <p>Title bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the user wants to _________ place the document somewhere in the file system hierarchy, he can request this function from the menu.

    <p>Explicitly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is the least technical way of collecting data, but it can be difficult and tiring to write and observe at the same time.

    <p>Taking notes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every page within a site should contain a brief _________ that accurately describes the content of the page.

    <p>Header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fifth step in defining the requirements with respect to persona-based design?

    <p>Identifying needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You can load a VCR tape the right way because of _____________.

    <p>Physical constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are unintentional while _____________ occur through conscious deliberation.

    <p>Slips, mistakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main strength of the Problem Space Framework as a model of human problem solving?

    <p>It operates within the constraints of the human processing system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ Patterns can be applied at the conceptual level.

    <p>Postural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over a short period of time, we find it easier to remember the string of numbers '404 894 6743' because:

    <p>The grouping of the numbers is significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ involves watching and listening to users.

    <p>Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The established standard suite of _________ for most applications consists of the Save As dialog, the Save Changes dialog, and the Open File dialog.

    <p>File management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explanatory undo is, generally, a much more pleasant feature than ___________.

    <p>Blind undo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Browser Title always contains the word _______.

    <p>Home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interpretation inquiry, according to Beyer and Holtzblatt, is based on a master-apprentice model of learning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roughly _____________ percent of the male population has some degree of color blindness.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The persona is not an actual user of the product, but is indirectly affected by it and its use refers to _______ persona.

    <p>Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a secondary color?

    <p>Blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following requires less cognitive effort than others?

    <p>Listening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    We are deficient in our development _________, not in our development __________ (respectively).

    <p>Process, Tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The command line interface is used because:

    <p>It is powerful and flexible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is concerned primarily with understanding human behavior and the mental processes that underlie it?

    <p>Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ plays a role to bridge up the gap between the interfaces of machines and human understanding.

    <p>Human Computer Interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The persona's needs are sufficiently unique to require a distinct interface form and behavior is _____________ type of Persona.

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _________ is usually a collection of icons those are reminiscent of the purpose of the various modes.

    <p>Palette</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the product is new then __________ time is usually invested in market research.

    <p>More</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _________ phase, usage and workflow patterns discovered through _________.

    <p>Modeling, analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Star lifecycle was proposed by ______________.

    <p>Hartson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Waterfall model is basically a _________ model in which each step must be completed before the next step can be started.

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ represents the Early-phase of ethnographic interviews.

    <p>Focused on domain knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There can only be one _________ persona per interface for a product.

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common things you do with the product is a type of _______.

    <p>System-oriented question (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Goal-oriented context scenarios are _____________ task-oriented than key path Scenario.

    <p>Less (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ represent the user's expectations of the tangible outcomes of using a specific product.

    <p>End goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ phase sets the stage for the core of the design effort.

    <p>Requirement definition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are taking a lecture and suddenly you hear music or voices from the other room, it is called?

    <p>Involuntary attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term individual difference?

    <p>Sex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ refers to how good a system is at doing what it is supposed to do?

    <p>Effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a software designer, which aspects guide you to think about the way in which the user and the idiom interact?

    <p>Strategic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adeel renders financial services in ABC bank. He specialized in his field. What is he called?

    <p>Subject Matter Expert (SME) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ capture the non-verbal dialogue between artifact and user over time.

    <p>Scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scenario content and context are derived from information gathered during the _________ phase and analyzed during the _________ phase (respectively).

    <p>Research, modeling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alia is used to describe design problem/solution by ___________ that is an imagined or projected sequence of events.

    <p>Scenario (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT the process of defining the interaction framework?

    <p>Defining Images and maps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are taking a lecture and suddenly you hear music or voices from the other room, it is called?

    <p>Involuntary attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term individual difference?

    <p>Sex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ refers to how good a system is at doing what it is supposed to do.

    <p>Effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a software designer, which aspects guide you to think about the way in which the user and the idiom interact?

    <p>Strategic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adeel renders financial services in 'ABC' bank. He specialized in his field. What is he called?

    <p>Subject Matter Expert (SME) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ capture the non-verbal dialogue between artifact and user over time.

    <p>Scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scenario content and context are derived from information gathered during __________ the phase and analyzed during the _________ phase.

    <p>Research, Modeling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alia is used to describe design problem/solution by __________ that is an imagined or projected sequence of events, especially any of several detailed plans or possibilities.

    <p>Scenario (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps is NOT part of the process of defining the interaction framework?

    <p>Defining images and maps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is least likely to be revealed by a paper prototype?

    <p>Your users don't know the term algorithm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recalling password is __________ Work.

    <p>Mnemonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ patterns can be applied at the conceptual level.

    <p>Postural (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ suggests identifying goals and questions first before selecting techniques for the study.

    <p>DECIDE framework (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exploring how children talk together in order to see if an innovative new groupware product would help them to be more engaged would probably be better informed by a __________.

    <p>Field study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are the street signs of the web.

    <p>Page Names (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ is like the building name for a website.

    <p>Site ID (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use of highlighted tabs in global navigation bar shows this is the ‘_________’ page.

    <p>Home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When developing ____________, plan to keep them short, straightforward and avoid asking too many.

    <p>Interview questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data collection and analysis often occur simultaneously in ___________ with analysis happening at many different levels throughout the study.

    <p>Ethnography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biggest limitation of __________ , __________ is when the user accidentally short-circuits the capability of the undo facility to rescue him.

    <p>Single-level, functional undo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ function came into being as the result of the implementation model for undo.

    <p>Redo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study by Human Factors International indicated that _________ color significantly reduced search time.

    <p>One (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A website is a collection of _________ systems with complex dependencies.

    <p>Interconnected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects.

    <p>Ubiquitous computing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    XYZ Ltd is a well-reputed software house; they make a significant investment in building _________ that encourages greater customer loyalty.

    <p>Brand equity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Political campaigns, marketing departments ask users inquiries by conducting the following interview technique?

    <p>Focus group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Being a programmer, you wrote a lot of error messages while coding. Which of the following is not a requirement to write well-formed error messages?

    <p>Be harsh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______________ computers are especially useful for applications that require computational support while the user's hands, voice, eyes or attention are actively engaged with the physical environment.

    <p>Wearable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Requirements specification involves:

    <p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common things you do with the product is a type of _______.

    <p>System-oriented question (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you procrastinate on? is a type of _________

    <p>Avoidance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early in design, developers want to meet informally to get feedback on idea about user's need and evaluation is called __________.

    <p>Quick and dirty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Like 'You are here' indicators, __________ show you where you are.

    <p>Breadcrumbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imagine an artist spraying a drawing with glue. All marks made up to that point are now permanent. This process is called?

    <p>Freezing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are typing an application for 'sick-leave' in MS Word. You wrongly type purpose of leave 'urgent work' instead of 'sick'. Which of the following commands will help you to reverse one or more previous actions?

    <p>Undo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali is a visual interface designer, he organizes interface by ________ visual cues in individual elements or in the background on which the active elements rest.

    <p>Layering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You might have experienced deleting a file or folder in Windows XP. A dialog box appears 'Do you want to delete file?' having two options 'yes' or 'no'. Which of the following error dialog appears?

    <p>Confirmation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ cognitive process involves encoding and recalling knowledge and acting appropriately.

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _______ usage and workflow patterns discovered through analysis of the field research and interviews are synthesized into domain and user models.

    <p>Modeling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unable to edit pdf document, is a type of ___________ constraints.

    <p>Logical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learn only a single mode of operation that is applicable to all objects, is a benefit of ________.

    <p>Consistency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a software designer, which aspects give us hints and tips about using and creating user idioms, like dialog boxes and push buttons?

    <p>Tactical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social science and usability texts are full of methods and techniques for conducting research.

    <p>Qualitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you enjoy most about your job (or lifestyle) is an example of _________.

    <p>Motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    User personas that are not primary or secondary are _____ personas.

    <p>Supplemental (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ali requires access via a navigational portal relatively infrequently that provides clear, simple navigational control. Which of the following posture is appropriate in this case?

    <p>Passive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ aspect(s) gives us hints and tips about using and creating user interface idioms, like dialog boxes and push buttons.

    <p>A and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attention

    • Involuntary attention is when we are distracted, such as when hearing music or voices from another room.

    Individual Differences

    • Individual differences can be long-term, like sex and intellectual abilities.

    Effectiveness

    • Effectiveness refers to how well a system performs its intended purpose.

    Strategic Aspects

    • Strategic aspects of design consider how users interact with the system interface, including the use of idioms like dialog boxes.

    Subject Matter Expert (SME)

    • A subject matter expert is a person who specializes in a particular field, like financial services.

    Scenarios

    • Scenarios capture the non-verbal interactions between a user and an artifact over time.
    • Scenario content is gathered during research, analyzed during modeling.
    • Scenarios involve imagined or projected sequences of events and can be used to describe design problems and solutions.

    Interaction Framework

    • Defining the interaction framework involves defining input methods, views, functional and data elements, and key path scenarios.

    Paper Prototypes

    • Paper prototypes can reveal issues like usability problems, user understanding of terms, and interface element placement.

    Mnemonic Work

    • Mnemonic work involves recalling passwords, commands, data object locations, and relationships between objects.

    Postural Patterns

    • Postural patterns are applied at a conceptual level and influence the overall product stance in relation to the user.

    DECIDE Framework

    • The DECIDE framework prioritizes identifying study goals and questions before choosing research techniques.

    Field Studies

    • Field studies provide contextually rich insights into user behavior, such as observing children interacting with groupware.

    Page Names

    • Page names act as navigational cues, like street signs on the web.

    Site ID

    • The site ID or logo is the website's equivalent of a building name.
    • Highlighted tabs in a global navigation bar indicate the 'Home' page.

    Interview Questions

    • Interview questions should be concise, clear, and avoid excessive inquiries.

    Ethnography

    • Ethnographic research involves simultaneous data collection and analysis at multiple levels.

    Single-Level Functional Undo

    • Single-level functional undo has a limitation when users accidentally overwrite previous actions, preventing them from retrieving earlier states.

    Redo Function

    • The redo function emerged as a result of the undo implementation model.

    Color and Search Time

    • A study found that using a single color significantly reduced search time.

    Websites

    • Websites are collections of interconnected systems with intricate dependencies.

    Ubiquitous Computing

    • Ubiquitous computing integrates computational elements into the environment, rather than requiring separate computers.

    Brand Equity

    • Brand equity is an investment in brand reputation that can result in higher prices and customer loyalty.

    Focus Groups

    • Focus groups, often used in political campaigns and marketing, involve gathering feedback from a group of individuals.

    Error Messages

    • Well-formed error messages should be polite, helpful, and informative.

    Wearable Computers

    • Wearable computers are valuable for applications requiring computational support while the user is engaged in physical activities.

    Requirements Specification

    • Requirements specification involves capturing functional and data requirements from the user.

    System-Oriented Questions

    • System-oriented questions focus on understanding user interactions with the product, such as asking about common activities.

    Avoidance Questions

    • Avoidance questions explore user behaviors they try to avoid, like procrastination.

    Quick and Dirty Evaluations

    • Quick and dirty evaluations are informal methods for gathering rapid feedback on ideas, often conducted early in design.
    • Breadcrumbs show the user's current position in a website's hierarchy, similar to "You are here" indicators.

    Freezing

    • Freezing locks data in a document, making it unmodifiable but allowing new data to be added.

    Undo Function

    • The undo function allows users to reverse previous actions, supporting exploration and experimentation.

    Layering

    • Visual interface design utilizes layering to organize elements with varying visual cues and background properties.

    Confirmation Dialogs

    • Confirmation dialogs, often used in Windows XP, present users with options ("yes" or "no") to confirm actions.

    Memory

    • The cognitive process of memory involves encoding, recalling, and applying knowledge.

    Modeling Phase

    • During the modeling phase, research and interview data are synthesized into domain and user models.

    Logical Constraints

    • Logical constraints are limitations imposed by the system's rules or logic, such as being unable to edit a PDF document.

    Consistency in Interface Design

    • Consistent interfaces promote ease of learning and use by applying a single operating mode across diverse objects.

    Tactical Aspects

    • Tactical aspects of design provide guidance on creating and utilizing user interface idioms, like dialog boxes and pushbuttons.

    Qualitative Research

    • Social science and usability texts utilize various methods and techniques for conducting qualitative research.

    Motivation Questions

    • Motivation questions focus on user preferences and fulfilling aspects of their work or lifestyle.

    Supplemental Personas

    • Supplemental personas are those that are not primary or secondary user representations but provide additional insights.

    Transient Posture

    • A transient posture is appropriate for navigational portals accessed infrequently, providing clear and concise controls.

    Usability Testing

    • Engineering user interfaces often involves quantitative measurements and usability testing to determine quality.

    Rollovers in Interface Design

    • Implementing rollovers in tab or button bars requires separate graphics for each button.

    Questionnaires

    • Questionnaires are a method of collecting demographic and opinion data.

    World Wide Web

    • The World Wide Web (WWW) is a platform that integrates diverse media, including print, audio, video, and software applications.

    Audible Feedback

    • Audible feedback, despite arguments against its appeal, plays a role in user interfaces.

    Metadata

    • Metadata and controlled vocabularies are used to understand the relationships between systems.
    • Thesauri are controlled vocabularies that use relationships to define synonyms, related terms, and hierarchies.

    Attentive Environments

    • Attentive environments are designed to be user and context aware.

    Usability Testing

    • Heuristics are principles that are used to evaluate websites, particularly in terms of usability.

    Online help

    • Online help is similar to physical documentation and is often used as a reference.

    Wearable Computers

    • Wearable computers provide computational support while users interact with the physical world using their hands, voice, and other senses.

    Senses in HCI

    • Taste and smell are not considered significant in HCI as they do not commonly provide input or output in human-computer interactions.

    Structural Patterns

    • Structural patterns are widely used, but they are not well documented.

    Sovereign Posture

    • Full-screen applications like word processors and spreadsheets are examples of sovereign posture, as they dominate the user's attention for sustained periods.
    • Navigation in most cases is considered pure excise, which is necessary but not directly related to the core task.

    Usability Testing for Products

    • Usability testing is applicable across all product categories.

    Website Design

    • Versions of a website should not be displayed on the homepage as it can deter users.

    Considerate Software

    • Considerate software anticipates user needs and provides information that is relevant to the current situation.

    Reflective Cognition

    • Problem solving, planning, reasoning, and decision-making are all cognitive processes that fall under reflective cognition.

    Ethnography

    • Ethnography is a research method borrowed from anthropology that involves observing and understanding cultures through observation and participation.

    Reasoning

    • The three most common types of reasoning are deductive, inductive, and abdicative.

    Goals of HCI

    • The primary goals of HCI are to produce usable, safe, and functional systems, prioritizing user experience and effectiveness.

    Penitent Navigation

    • Penitent navigation, also known as global navigation, refers to the set of navigation elements that appear consistently on every page of a website.

    Human Eye

    • The human eye has approximately 120 million rods and 6 million cones.

    Complex Species

    • Humans are considered the most complex species on Earth.

    Quality

    • Quality is defined as the totality of characteristics of an entity that meet stated and implied needs.

    Cones

    • Cones are photoreceptor cells in the eye that are less sensitive to light than rods and are responsible for color vision.

    HCI Specialists and Software Engineers

    • The fundamental difference between HCI specialists and software engineers is that HCI specialists are user-centered, while software engineers are system-centered.

    Usability

    • Usability aims to make systems easy to learn and user-friendly.

    Formal Methods

    • Formal methods represent data, architectural, and procedural aspects of software systems.

    Query Interfaces

    • Question-based interfaces are known as query interfaces.
    • Menus provide a choice of operations or services that can be accessed at a particular time.

    Gulf of Execution

    • A smaller gulf of execution signifies that users can easily formulate and perform actions.

    Form-Filling Interfaces

    • Form-filling interfaces are primarily used for data entry but can also be incorporated into data retrieval systems.

    Waterfall Model

    • The waterfall model's major flaw is that requirements can change over time.

    Usability

    • Usability has two perspectives: strategic and tactical. Strategic addresses the overall product's usability, and tactical focuses on specific user interactions.

    Core Language

    • The language used by the system is referred to as the core language, while the user's language is called the task language.

    Radio Buttons

    • Radio buttons are used to toggle between two states.

    Text Entry Device

    • Keyboards are the most common text entry device, allowing input of text and commands.

    Errors

    • Errors can occur during human-computer interaction and are broadly categorized as slips and mistakes.

    Mental & Conceptual Models

    • The user's mental model should correspond to the system's conceptual model to ensure a seamless interaction.

    Aspects of Human Action

    • Human action consists of two parts: execution (performing the action) and evaluation (comparing the outcome to the intended result).

    Usability

    • Usability focuses on building products with the user's perspective as the primary consideration.

    Direct Manipulation Interface

    • Direct manipulation interfaces (GUI) support learning and user interaction.

    Observation Of User Behavior

    • Observing user behavior in a laboratory setting may not accurately reflect real-world usage patterns.

    Semantic Network

    • Semantic networks model long-term memories, specifically semantic memory, which stores general knowledge and facts.

    Site ID

    • The site ID or logo acts as the name or brand of a website.

    Personas

    • Personas are valuable design tools that address common issues faced during the development of digital products.

    Gulf of Execution

    • The gulf of execution is the difference between users' intentions and the actions they can perform within the system.

    Attention

    • Attention involves selecting specific information from a range of possibilities to focus on at a particular time.

    HCI Goals

    • The goals of HCI are to ensure usability and provide a positive user experience.

    WYSIWYG

    • WYSIWYG stands for "What You See Is What You Get," which is a characteristic of visual editors that display the final output as it will appear.

    Loudness

    • Loudness in sound is proportional to the amplitude, while pitch is determined by frequency.

    Effectiveness in Usability

    • Effectiveness refers to how well a system performs its intended function.

    Efficiency in Usability

    • Efficiency relates to how effectively a system supports users in completing their tasks.

    Usability Testing Characteristics

    • Usability testing involves real users performing real tasks, with observation and data analysis used to identify usability issues.

    Evaluation

    • Evaluation in the context of human action is the comparison of the actual outcome to the intended goal.

    Qualitative Research

    • Qualitative research delves into understanding "what," "how," "why," and "many" aspects in detail.

    Usability Testing

    • Usability testing is applied to all types of products, not just software.

    Testing Applies to All Types of Products

    • Usability testing is applicable to all types of products, including software and hardware.

    Transactional Sites and Full Sovereign Applications

    • Transactional websites heavily used by employees for their work should be considered full sovereign applications.

    Site ID

    • The statement "What site is this?" represents a site ID.

    Active Intervention

    • Active intervention is a usability testing technique where a test team member actively probes the participant's understanding of the tested item.

    Evaluation

    • Evaluation is crucial to verify if a product is usable and appealing to users.

    Formative Evaluation

    • Formative evaluations are conducted during design to ensure the product continues to meet user needs.

    Excise

    • Excise refers to the extra work needed to satisfy the requirements of tools or external agents to achieve objectives.

    DECIDE Framework

    • The DECIDE framework is a structured approach for conducting evaluations.
    • The DECIDE framework order of steps:
      • Determine overall evaluation goals.
      • Explore specific questions to be answered.
      • Choose the evaluation paradigm and techniques.
      • Identify practical issues, like participant selection.
      • Decide on ethical considerations.
      • Evaluate, interpret, and present data.

    Physical/Motor Work

    • Physical/motor work includes actions like keystrokes, mouse movement, gestures, switching input modes, and navigation.

    Quality Assurance Testing

    • Quality assurance testing, also known as function testing, aims to validate if a product works according to its specifications.

    Co-Discovery

    • Co-discovery is a usability testing technique involving two participants working together, encouraging discussion as they perform tasks.

    Repeat Users

    • Informational sites with frequent updates attract repeat users more effectively than sites with infrequent updates.

    Transient Posture

    • When users access a navigational portal infrequently, a transient posture, featuring simple and clear controls, is suitable.

    Sovereign Program

    • Because the user's interactions with a sovereign program dominate their computer session, the program should prioritize screen space.

    Active Intervention

    • Active intervention is particularly useful early in design and is valuable for testing prototypes.

    Form Factor

    • Form factor influences the design of views in interfaces. For example, to make an appointment, a view incorporating calendars and contacts might be designed if the form factor allows it.

    Persistent Navigation

    • Global Navigation systems are also known as Persistent Navigation.

    Sovereign Applications

    • Sovereign applications provide a rich visual feedback environment for users.

    Signposts

    • Overviews in an interface serve a similar purpose to signposts, helping to guide users.

    Functional and Data Elements

    • Panes, frames, and containers on the screen are functional and data elements.

    Usability Testing

    • The core goal of usability testing is to improve the usability of a product.
    • Key characteristics of usability testing include:
      • Participants representing real users.
      • Participants engaging in real tasks.
      • Observing and recording participant actions and comments.
      • Analysing data, identifying problems, and recommending solutions.

    Web Navigation

    • Web navigation involves both reaching a destination and figuring out one's current location.

    Desktop Applications

    • Desktop applications fall into four posture categories: sovereign, transient, daemonic, and auxiliary.
    • Navigation represents excise except in the context of games.

    Beta Test

    • A beta test involves releasing an early version of a product to a limited user group.

    Attention

    • Attention refers to the selection process of focusing on specific elements within a range of possibilities.

    Title Bar

    • The application's title bar displays the name of the document.

    Field Study

    • Field Studies are valuable for understanding how people use products in real-world environments.

    Undo Feature

    • The undo feature allows users to reverse previous actions.

    Homepage

    • The homepage is a unique page with specific responsibilities and promises to fulfill.

    DECIDE Framework

    • The DECIDE framework recommends defining study goals and questions before choosing techniques.

    Error Messages

    • Error messages are conventionally used to inform users about mistakes they have made.

    HCI

    • HCI encompasses the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive systems.

    Frequency of Access

    • The less frequently users access a site, the more transient its posture should be, prioritizing clear navigation.

    User Interface Design

    • User interface design incorporates aesthetic considerations within a functional framework.

    Focused Attention

    • Focused attention occurs when one selectively focuses on a particular stimulus, for example, listening intently during a conversation.

    Divided Attention

    • Divided attention involves attending to multiple stimuli simultaneously, such as driving while conversing with a passenger.

    Constraints

    • Constraints restrict the use of an object, minimizing errors and reducing the information to be remembered.

    Pull Down Menus

    • Pull-down menus are accessed by moving the mouse pointer over the menu title and clicking.

    Tactical Aspects

    • Tactical aspects provide guidance on creating common user interface elements like dialog boxes and pushbuttons.

    Usability Engineering Lifecycle

    • The Usability Engineering lifecycle was proposed by Deborah Mayhew in 1999.

    Analytic and Synthetic Modes

    • Analytic mode and synthetic mode are two distinct modes of activity in interface design.

    Skeleton

    • The skeleton of a website is a concrete manifestation of the abstract site structure.

    Buttons

    • Buttons are independent regions on the display that users can select to trigger specific actions.

    Redo Feature

    • The redo function emerged from the implementation model for the undo feature.

    Software Project Cost Exceeds

    • Around 63% of software projects exceed their cost estimates.
    • Major contributing factors include:
      • Frequent user-requested changes.
      • Overlooked tasks.
      • Users' lack of understanding of their own requirements.
      • Inadequate communication and understanding between users and analysts.

    Lost Sales Due to Navigation

    • Approximately 50% of potential sales are lost on sites because users cannot find the products they are looking for.

    Human Eye Sensitivity

    • The human eye is highly sensitive to light.

    Top of Web Page

    • The top of a web page often contains the menu and the title bar.

    Implicitly Place Document

    • Users can explicitly request to place a document within the file system hierarchy using menu options.

    Taking Notes

    • Taking notes is a less technical method of data collection, but it can be demanding to both write and observe simultaneously.

    Page Header

    • Every page within a website should include a brief header accurately describing the page's content.

    Persona-Based Design

    • The five-step process for defining requirements through persona-based design includes:
      • Creating a problem and vision statement.
      • Brainstorming.
      • Identifying persona expectations.
      • Constructing a context scenario.
      • Identifying needs.

    Affordances

    • Affordances provide cues about how objects can be used, guiding user interaction.

    VCR Tape Loading

    • The correct way to load a VCR tape is determined by affordances, providing visual cues about the tape's intended placement.

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