Statistics Terms to Know

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Questions and Answers

What is a variable in the context of a study?

A method for choosing individuals for a sample
A characteristic of an individual (correct)
An explanation for a response
A numerical summary of a population

A parameter is a summary of values for a sample.

False (B)

What is the difference between a retrospective study and a prospective study?

A retrospective study looks back at past events, while a prospective study follows subjects into the future.

A __________ sample is chosen using a probability method.

probability Signup and view all the answers

Match the sampling methods with their descriptions:

Simple random sample = Each individual has an equal chance of selection Stratified random sample = Dividing the population into strata and sampling from each Cluster random sample = Selecting whole clusters and pooling individuals from them Convenience sample = Drawing from those who are easily available Signup and view all the answers

What is a confounding variable?

A variable that influences the relationship between studied variables (A) Signup and view all the answers

Response bias occurs when individuals provide incorrect answers due to poorly worded questions.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Define sampling bias.

Sampling bias occurs when there is a systematic tendency to exclude one type of individual from a study. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Statistic = A numerical summary of values based on a sample Parameter = A numerical summary of values for the entire population Variable = A characteristic of an individual Sample = A subset of the study populations made of individuals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of studies with their characteristics:

Prospective Study = Follows subjects into the future Retrospective Study = Looks backward in time to past events Comparative Study = Establishes cause and effect relationships Observational Study = Values of variables are observed without testing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling methods with their descriptions:

Probability Sample = Chosen using a probability method Convenience Sample = Not chosen using a probability method Simple Random Sample = Each possible sample has the same chance of selection Stratified Random Sample = Divides population into groups and samples from each Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biases with their descriptions:

Sampling Bias = Systematic tendency to exclude certain individuals Nonresponse Bias = Occurs when a person chooses not to respond Response Bias = Occurs when a person responds incorrectly Measurement Bias = Inaccuracy in the process of measuring outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following variables with their explanations:

Response Variable = Measures an outcome or result of interest Explanatory Variable = Helps explain changes in a response variable Lurking Variable = Influences relationships among variables but is not measured Confounding Variable = Effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their focus:

Sampling Procedure = Method for choosing individuals for a sample Cluster Random Sample = Divides population into clusters for sampling Stratified Random Sample = Samples from defined strata of a population Simple Random Sample = Ensures every individual has equal chance of selection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their relevance to experimental design:

Experiment = Subjects assigned to certain conditions to assess causal links Randomization = Process to eliminate bias in sample selection Control Group = Group that does not receive treatment for comparison Treatment Group = Group that receives the experimental intervention Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the type of variable they describe:

Explanatory Variable = Expected to explain changes in a response Response Variable = Outcome that is measured in a study Confounding Variable = Complicates the interpretation of results Lurking Variable = Hidden factor that may influence the observed variables Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Capital of France (example flashcard)

Paris

individual

sampling unit evaluated in a study