Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main premise of the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?
What is the main premise of the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?
Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal?
Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal?
According to Freudian dream analysis, what does the latent content of a dream represent?
According to Freudian dream analysis, what does the latent content of a dream represent?
What characterizes the REM sleep stage?
What characterizes the REM sleep stage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sleep disorder is defined by an inability to initiate or maintain sleep?
Which sleep disorder is defined by an inability to initiate or maintain sleep?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dream consciousness?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dream consciousness?
Signup and view all the answers
How does sleep deprivation primarily affect memory according to the content?
How does sleep deprivation primarily affect memory according to the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What do intense emotions and meaningful sensations in dreams imply according to dream analysis?
What do intense emotions and meaningful sensations in dreams imply according to dream analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the phenomenon of intentionality in consciousness refer to?
What does the phenomenon of intentionality in consciousness refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of the dynamic unconscious according to Freud?
What is a characteristic of the dynamic unconscious according to Freud?
Signup and view all the answers
Which level of consciousness is characterized by an awareness of oneself as an individual?
Which level of consciousness is characterized by an awareness of oneself as an individual?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'rebound effect of thought suppression' refer to?
What does the term 'rebound effect of thought suppression' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
In dual process theories, what does System 1 refer to?
In dual process theories, what does System 1 refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the concept of transience in consciousness?
Which of the following best describes the concept of transience in consciousness?
Signup and view all the answers
What common feature of sleep is associated with altered states of consciousness?
What common feature of sleep is associated with altered states of consciousness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of Freudian dream analysis?
What is the primary focus of Freudian dream analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which approach emphasizes that mental processes can influence behavior without conscious awareness?
Which approach emphasizes that mental processes can influence behavior without conscious awareness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which principle of consciousness indicates its resistance to division?
Which principle of consciousness indicates its resistance to division?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the theory of dreams suggest about brain activity during sleep?
What does the theory of dreams suggest about brain activity during sleep?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary effects of depressants on the central nervous system?
What is one of the primary effects of depressants on the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is expectancy theory in relation to alcohol consumption?
What is expectancy theory in relation to alcohol consumption?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol myopia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol myopia?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes barbiturates from benzodiazepines?
What distinguishes barbiturates from benzodiazepines?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following psychoactive drugs is classified as a stimulant?
Which of the following psychoactive drugs is classified as a stimulant?
Signup and view all the answers
What are toxic inhalants most commonly abused for?
What are toxic inhalants most commonly abused for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about sleep disorders is accurate?
Which of the following statements about sleep disorders is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Consciousness
- Consciousness: a person's subjective experience of the world and their mind.
- Phenomenology: how things seem to a conscious person.
Mysteries of Consciousness
- The Problem of Other Minds: the difficulty in perceiving the consciousness of others.
- People judge minds according to their capacity for experience.
- The Mind-Body Problem: the relationship between the mind and the brain/body.
- Descartes: believed the pineal gland is the connection between mind and body.
- Contemporary view: mental events are intimately connected with brain events.
Four Basic Principles of Consciousness
- Intentionality: being directed towards an object.
- Unity: resistance to division.
- Selectivity: the ability to include some objects but not others.
- Transience: tendency to change.
Levels of Consciousness
- Consciousness ranges from minimal to full to self-consciousness.
- Minimal Consciousness: a low level of awareness.
- Full Consciousness: a high level of awareness.
- Self-Consciousness: awareness of oneself as an individual.
Suppressing Thoughts
- Mental control: attempting to change conscious states of mind.
- Thought suppression: avoiding a thought.
- Rebound effect: the thought returning to consciousness more frequently after suppression.
The Unconscious Mind
- Dynamic unconscious: an active system encompassing lifetime memories, instincts, desires, and inner struggles to control these forces.
- Freudian slips: errors in speech.
- Repression: a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness.
A Modern View of the Cognitive Unconscious
- Cognitive unconscious: all mental processes that produce thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviors—even though not experienced by the person.
- Dual process theories: two different systems in the brain for processing information.
- Fast, automatic, and unconscious processing.
- Slow, effortful, and conscious processing.
- Kahneman (2001): Systems 1 and 2.
Sleep and Dreaming
- Altered state of consciousness: a form of experience that differs from normal subjective experience.
- Associated with changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, and alterations in body image or the sense of self, perceptual distortions, and changes in meaning or significance.
Sleep
- Adaptive theory of sleep: sleep is an evolutionary outcome of self-preservation.
- Restorative theory of sleep: sleep allows the brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources, eliminating chemical wastes.
Sleep Cycle
- Circadian rhythm: a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle.
- EEG changes in beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves.
- Five stages of sleep (1-4) and REM sleep.
- REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by high levels of brain activity, dreaming often occurs, body is generally immobilized.
- Electrooculography (EOG): instrument that measures eye movements.
Sleep Needs and Deprivation
- Across a lifetime, an average of 1 hour of sleep is needed for every 2 hours awake.
- Memories deteriorate without sleep.
- REM sleep deprivation has the most detrimental effects, followed by stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep deprivation.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Sleep apnea: brief pauses in breathing while asleep.
- Somnambulism (sleepwalking): arising and walking around while asleep.
- Narcolepsy: sudden sleep attacks during waking activities.
- Sleep paralysis: waking up unable to move.
- Night terrors (sleep terrors): abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.
Dreams
- Dream consciousness: distinguishes dreaming from waking consciousness.
- Characteristics of dreams include intense emotion, illogical thought, meaningful sensation, uncritical acceptance, and difficulty remembering dreams on waking.
Dream Theories
- Freud's view: dreams hold meaning.
- Manifest content: dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning.
- Latent content: dream's true underlying meaning.
- Activation-synthesis model: the brain imposes meaning on random neural activity when producing dreams. fMRI scans show active brain areas involved in emotions and visual imagery, but not the prefrontal cortex.
Drugs and Consciousness
- Levels of involvement in substance use: use, intoxication, abuse, dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, addiction, physical vs. psychological dependence.
Depressants
- Slow down or curb the activity of the central nervous system, reducing feelings of tension and anxiety, slowing movement and impairing cognitive processes. High doses can arrest vital functions and cause death.
- Alcohol is the "king" of depressants.
- Expectancy theory: alcohol's effects are influenced by people's expectations.
- Balanced placebo design: used to study expectancy
- Alcohol myopia: alcohol hampers attention, people respond in simple ways to complex situations.
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
- Barbiturates: sleeping aids and surgical anesthetics (Seconal, Nembutal).
- Benzodiazepines: minor tranquilizers/anxiety drugs (Valium, Xanax).
- Toxic inhalants (glue, hair spray, etc) are easily accessible and can cause harm.
Stimulants
- Stimulants: excite the central nervous system, heighten arousal and activity levels.
- Types include caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, and ecstasy.
- Stimulants elicit euphoria and confidence/motivation.
Narcotics
- Narcotics (opiates): highly addictive drugs derived from opium, relieving pain.
- Examples include heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
- Similar to endorphins.
Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens: drugs that alter sensation and perception, often cause visual and auditory hallucinations.
- Examples include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, and ketamine.
- Effects can be dramatic and unpredictable.
Marijuana
- Marijuana: leaves and buds of hemp plant, containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- Mildly hallucinogenic, affects judgment, short-term memory, motor skills, and coordination.
- Medicinal uses are controversial.
- Considered a gateway drug, increasing the risk for more harmful drugs (tobacco, etc.).
- Harm reduction approach focuses on reducing harm from high-risk behaviors.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of consciousness, including the Mind-Body Problem and the different levels of awareness. This quiz covers key principles like intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience while delving into the implications of subjective experience. Test your understanding of how consciousness shapes our interaction with the world.
