MYP Command Terms for Sciences
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Questions and Answers

What would happen if a patient with type B blood received type AB blood?

  • No reaction would occur, as both are compatible.
  • Blood circulation would improve significantly.
  • Blood will clump due to antigen-antibody reaction. (correct)
  • The patient would develop a new blood type.

    • Which of the following accurately describes polygenic traits?

  • Result in discrete phenotypes with no variation.
  • Controlled by a single gene.
  • Not influenced by environmental factors.
  • Controlled by multiple genes influencing a spectrum of traits. (correct)

    • Which blood type contains both A and B antigens?

  • Type A
  • Type O
  • Type B
  • Type AB (correct)

    • How can a couple have four children each with a different blood type?

    <p>Multiple genes can influence the blood type outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the physical expression of a genetic trait?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a test cross help determine?

    <p>The genotype of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'homozygous'?

    <p>Having two identical alleles for a particular gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gregor Mendel is best known for his work with which type of organism?

    <p>Pea plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to alternative forms of a gene?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Punnett square, what does each square represent?

    <p>The possible genotypes of the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mendel's experiments?

    <p>They established inheritance patterns of traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sex-linked inheritance?

    <p>Traits related to the X or Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hereditary in the context of genetics?

    <p>The process of trait inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?

    <p>They could be quickly and easily produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are purebred plants?

    <p>Offspring of true-breeding parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result when Mendel crossed green and yellow purebred peas?

    <p>All peas were yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of peas were yellow in Mendel's F2 generation?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel discover about the green trait in his experiments?

    <p>The green trait disappeared in the F1 generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hybrids in the context of Mendel's experiments?

    <p>Offspring of true-breeding plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Mendel further investigate the trait distribution after the F1 generation?

    <p>By breeding the F1 generation together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a yellow flower in a test cross?

    <p>rr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the phenotypes of the offspring when a homozygous red flower is crossed with a yellow flower?

    <p>All red petals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cross between a heterozygous red flower (Rr) and a yellow flower (rr), what is the expected genotype ratio of the offspring?

    <p>1 Rr : 1 rr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mendel's Law of Segregation implies that:

    <p>Only one allele is passed to the offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>One gene's inheritance does not affect another's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a test cross results in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio, what can be inferred about the parents' genotypes?

    <p>One parent is homozygous and the other is heterozygous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT be a useful tip when setting up a genetic cross?

    <p>Assume all traits are dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When setting up a test cross, what is essential in determining the unknown genotype?

    <p>Crossing with a flower of known genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype of an individual with the genotype IAIB?

    <p>Type AB blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can a person with type A blood safely receive?

    <p>Type A or Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs if a person with type A blood receives type B blood?

    <p>The blood cells will clump together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype corresponds to phenotype type O blood?

    <p>ii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can donate blood to a person with type AB blood?

    <p>Type AB only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype RR?

    <p>Red flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of blood agglutination?

    <p>Clogging of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genotype represents a pink-flowered plant in snapdragons?

    <p>Rr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the IA and IB alleles related concerning blood type expression?

    <p>They are codominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cross between individuals with blood types AB and O?

    <p>Offspring can be type A or type B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the blending of traits in a heterozygous individual?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what is the probability of producing a pink-flowered plant?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenotype does the genotype rr express in snapdragons?

    <p>White flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a multiple allele trait?

    <p>ABO blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype for a blood type A individual?

    <p>IAIA or IAi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible genotypes are there for the ABO blood type trait?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    MYP Command Terms for Sciences

    • Analyse: Break down information to identify essential elements and relationships. Interpret to draw conclusions.
    • Annotate: Add brief notes to a diagram or graph.
    • Apply: Use knowledge in a given situation or context.
    • Calculate: Obtain a numerical answer showing the working.
    • Classify: Arrange or order by class or category.
    • Comment: Give a judgment on a statement or result, supported by reasons.
    • Compare: Show similarities and differences.
    • Complete: Finish a task according to given instructions or criteria.
    • Construct: Create a plan, model, or simulation; display information diagrammatically.
    • Contrast: Show differences.
    • Convert: Change something from one form to another; change a measurement to different units.
    • Create: Make something new.
    • Define: Give precise meaning to a word, phrase, concept, or physical quantity.
    • Demonstrate: Make clear or show something by reasoning and evidence; use examples or practical application.
    • Describe: Give a detailed account or picture.
    • Design: Produce a plan, simulation, or model.
    • Determine: Obtain the only possible answer.
    • Diagram: Illustrate information with an image.
    • Discuss: Review arguments, factors, or hypotheses, supported by evidence.
    • Draw: Represent using a labelled, accurate diagram or graph (to scale).
    • Evaluate: Make an appraisal by weighing strengths and limitations.
    • Explain: Give a detailed account, including reasons and causes.
    • Estimate: Obtain approximate value.
    • Explain: Give a detailed account including reasons and causes.
    • Experiment: Perform a controlled test to investigate a phenomenon.
    • Find: Obtain an answer.
    • Formulate: Express precisely and systematically.
    • Identify: Provide an answer from a number of options.
    • Illustrate: Show in a diagram or example.
    • Interpret: Use understanding to recognise trends, draw conclusions.
    • Justify: Give valid reasons or evidence to support answer.
    • Label: Add title, labels, or brief explanations to a diagram.
    • List: Give sequence of brief answers without explanations.
    • Measure: Obtain a quantity value.
    • Model: Represent by creating a visual or mathematical representation.
    • Organize: Arrange ideas and information systematically.
    • Outline: Give a summary of main points.
    • Plan: Set out a detailed sequence of intended actions.
    • Plot: Mark the position of points on a diagram.
    • Predict: Give the expected result of an experiment or situation based on evidence.
    • Present: Offer for examination, observation, or consideration.
    • Recall: Remember something previously learned.
    • Recommend: Suggest a particular course of action.
    • Relate: Show the connections between things.
    • Represent: Present with a visual image or form.
    • Select: Choose from a list or group.
    • Sequence: Put items in a logical order.
    • Sketch: Represent using a diagram or graph (general idea).
    • Solve: Obtain answer using appropriate methods.
    • State: Give a specific answer or value without explanation.
    • Suggest: Propose a solution or other possible answer, without justification.
    • Summarize: Briefly state the main points.
    • Tabulate: Display data in rows and columns.
    • Trace: Show how things are related.
    • Verify: Provide evidence that validates a result.
    • Write down: Obtain an answer; little calculation is required.

    Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution Unit Objectives (Part 1: Inheritance)

    • Understand the structure of DNA and its relationship to genes and chromosomes.
    • Define and use terms like gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and heterozygous.
    • Explain, predict, and interpret results of crosses involving dominant/recessive alleles, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked inheritance.
    • Use Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
    • Analyze test cross problems for inheritance.
    • Understand the inheritance of gender.
    • Apply scientific reasoning to interpret data and results.
    • Discuss and evaluate implications of using science to solve problems or issues.
    • Understand DNA's role in controlling traits.

    Gregor Mendel

    • Austrian monk who conducted experiments on pea plants to understand inheritance patterns.
    • Known as the "Father of Genetics" for discovering basic rules of trait inheritance.
    • Observed how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants.
    • Discovered the concepts of genes and alleles.

    Mendel's Experiments and Steps

    • Mendel bred pea plants with contrasting traits (e.g., color, shape).
    • He crossed "purebred" plants (homozygous) with contrasting traits.
    • Observed the traits in their offspring (F1 generation).
    • Crossed the F1 generation to observe subsequent generations (F2).
    • Determined that some traits (dominant) masked others (recessive).
    • Proposed that traits are controlled by factors (now called genes) and these factors come in pairs (alleles).

    Test Crosses

    • Used to determine the genotype of an organism showing a dominant trait (homozygous or heterozygous for the dominant allele).
    • The unknown genotype is crossed with a recessive genotype to determine potential outcomes and identify homozygous dominant.

    Mendel's Laws

    • Law of Segregation: Each individual has two alleles for each gene, and these alleles segregate (separate) during gamete formation, with only one allele passing to each offspring.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one set of genes is independent of the inheritance of another set of genes.

    Other Inheritance Patterns

    • Codominance: Both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygous individual (e.g., roan cow).
    • Incomplete Dominance: Both alleles blend their effects, producing an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygotes (e.g., pink snapdragons).
    • Multiple Alleles: Genes can have more than two alleles in a population (e.g., ABO blood types).
    • Polygenic Traits: Traits controlled by multiple genes (e.g., human height, skin color).

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    U1 Inheritance Teacher Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the MYP command terms essential for sciences. This quiz covers various terms such as analyse, apply, and calculate, helping you grasp key concepts used in scientific inquiry. Perfect for students preparing for their assessments.

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