Myelodysplasia: Spina Bifida and Birth Defects

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What is the primary cause of myelodysplasia?

Abnormal neural tube closure (correct)

Inflammation of the spinal cord

Genetic mutations in the mother

Damaged peripheral nervous system

Which type of myelodysplasia is characterized by a protrusion of the spinal cord, CSF, and meninges through a vertebral opening?

Meningocele

Myelomeningocele (correct)

Myeloschisis

Spina bifida occulta

What is the most severe form of myelodysplasia?

Meningocele

Spina bifida aperta

Myeloschisis (correct)

Myelomeningocele

What is the name of the form of myelodysplasia where the spinal cord is not involved and only CSF and meninges protrude through an abnormal vertebral opening?

Meningocele (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of myelodysplasia on the nervous system?

Lower motor neuron dysfunction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual site of spina bifida occulta?

L5-S1 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential activity limitation in individuals with spina bifida?

Decreased mobility and transfers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary prevention strategy for neural tube defects?

Folic acid supplementation periconceptually (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate incidence of neural tube defects in the US per 10,000 births in 2006?

3.05 per 10,000 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication associated with spina bifida?

Contractures (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of neural tube defects?

Cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of physical therapy intervention for individuals with spina bifida?

To teach compensatory patterns of movement (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of spina bifida characterized by a sac of fluid present at the gap in the spine?

Meningocele (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diagnosis time for neural tube defects?

18 weeks gestation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential management strategy for individuals with spina bifida?

Surgery to close the neural sac (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of lesion levels on postural deviations and contractures in neural tube defects?

Higher lesion levels result in more severe contractures (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of spina bifida occulta?

No or only mild signs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for shoulder girdle management in individuals with neural tube defects?

Conservative management with regular monitoring (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic posture of a person with a sacral level spinal defect?

Crouched standing with calcaneal valgus malalignment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of inadequate vitamin and folic acid intake during pregnancy?

Increased risk of neural tube defects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common comorbidity associated with a spinal defect at the sacral level?

Hydrocephalus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the presenting symptom of shunt malfunction in a person with hydrocephalus?

Headache, irritability, and fever (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a spinal defect at the lumbar level?

Increased lumbar lordosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the progressive symptom of tethered cord syndrome?

Progressive loss of strength or sensation in lower extremities (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of physical therapy intervention for individuals with torticollis?

To prevent limitations and deformity by repositioning to facilitate symmetrical movement and head shaping (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential activity limitation in individuals with torticollis?

Prefer to turn head to one side (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of torticollis characterized by a thickening or lump in the affected muscle?

Congenital Muscular Torticollis (C) Signup and view all the answers

When is physical therapy most effective in resolving torticollis?

When initiated in early infancy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of untreated torticollis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of positional torticollis?

Baby's position when sleeping on back (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the abnormal position of the head and neck in infants with torticollis?

Tightness in the sternocleidomastoid on one side of the neck (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the postural type of torticollis?

A postural preference of the head and neck without limitations to PROM and without a nodule in the muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence of cranial deformity in infants with congenital muscular torticollis?

90.1% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic behavior of an infant with torticollis?

They become fussy when you try to change the position of their head or when placed on their tummy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of muscle tightness on the facial features of an infant with torticollis?

It can cause the cheek to appear fuller on one side and one eye to be more open (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of torticollis that is characterized by a palpable nodule or fibrous bands in the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

SCM Nodule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is theorized to result from uterine constraint perpetuated postnatally with preferential supine position on flat area of the skull?