Questions and Answers
What role does the P1 adherence protein play in the infection process of M. pneumoniae?
Which of the following are extra-respiratory manifestations of M. pneumoniae infection?
What is one consequence of the mucosal injury caused by hydrogen peroxide and superoxide from M. pneumoniae?
Which specimen is acceptable for diagnosing M. pneumoniae infections?
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Which method is diagnostic for an acute M. pneumoniae infection?
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What is a primary determinant of pathogenicity for M. pneumoniae?
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What is a role of the flexible filamentous form of M. pneumoniae?
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How does M. pneumoniae evade the immune response during infection?
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What condition is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis biovar LGV?
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Which serovars are associated with Chlamydia trachomatis biovar LGV?
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What is the primary characteristic of LGV lesions?
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What is the purpose of the Frei test?
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How is the control material in the Frei test prepared?
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Which time frame indicates a positive result in the Frei test?
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What is the impact of Chlamydia trachomatis in public health?
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What is a common misconception about Chlamydia trachomatis infections?
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What is the expected result of the urease spot test for Ureaplasma urealyticum?
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Which statement is true regarding the colonial growth characteristics of Mycoplasma hominis?
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What is the mechanism by which Mycoplasma ferments glucose?
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Which of the following treatments is effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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What is the role of manganese (MnSO4) in the urease spot test?
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What distinguishes Mycoplasma hominis from Ureaplasma urealyticum in terms of hemolytic behavior?
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What is a notable characteristic of Ureaplasma urealyticum regarding commercial serologic assays?
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Which antibiotic is commonly used for treating infections caused by Mycoplasma genitalium?
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What is the primary target of intracellular infection in certain diseases?
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Which of the following features is associated with severe illness in rickettsial diseases?
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What is the major specimen type used in diagnosing rickettsial diseases?
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How does the rash typically spread in rickettsial diseases?
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Which type of typhus is characterized by severe systemic infection and high fatality rates?
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Which test is considered the 'gold standard' for diagnosing rickettsioses?
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What is a reason serology is not useful in managing rickettsial diseases early in illness?
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Which laboratory staining method is considered the best for diagnosing rickettsial infections?
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Which bacterium is responsible for causing granuloma inguinale?
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What unique appearance do Donovan bodies exhibit when stained?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Klebsiella granulomatis?
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Which staining method is used for laboratory diagnosis of granuloma inguinale?
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Which of the following drugs is NOT mentioned as effective therapy for granuloma inguinale?
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What characteristic feature is observed in granuloma inguinale lesions?
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What classification has Bartonella quintana been removed from?
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What is a common misconception regarding the lesions caused by granuloma inguinale?
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Study Notes
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Strongly attaches to mucosal cells through P1 adhesin protein, causing chronic persistent infections.
- Can lead to long-term inflammatory syndromes lasting months to years.
Extra-Respiratory Manifestations
- Hemolytic anemia results from high titers of cold agglutinins, leading to premature destruction of red blood cells.
- May present with arthritis, acute glomerulonephritis, and other systemic conditions.
Determinants of Pathogenicity
- Gliding motility enables penetration through respiratory secretions.
- P1 protein crucial for attachment to host cells, can adhere to glass, RBC, and respiratory epithelial cells.
- Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide generated by M. pneumoniae injure mucosal cells, causing ciliostasis and cell sloughing.
- Filamentous and flexible morphology protects against phagocytosis by localizing in crypts and folds.
Disease Initiation
- Disease begins with attachment to respiratory mucosal cells, evasion of phagocytosis, and modulation of the immune response.
Acceptable Specimens for Diagnosis
- Body fluids, tissues, and swabs from various sites including throat, nasopharynx, and vagina.
- Throat swab and blood are specifically used for M. pneumoniae detection.
- Other acceptable samples include bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum, and lung tissue.
Serologic Tests
- Rapid tests are most useful for diagnosis.
- Presence of specific IgM in serum indicates acute M. pneumoniae infection.
- Other tests include Cold Agglutination Reaction, complement fixation (CF), and ELISA.
- No direct Gram staining method for identification available; culture is not clinically contributory.
Isolation of Mycoplasma urealyticum
- Observed under dissecting microscope after testing with manganese sulfate.
- Positive results yield a dark brown precipitate around colonies.
Urease Spot Test
- No commercial serologic assays exist for genital mycoplasmas.
- Serology is primarily for research purposes.
Other Mycoplasma Characteristics
- M. hominis and M. genitalium species can be treated with macrolides, tetracyclines, ketolides, and fluoroquinolones.
- M. hominis and U. urealyticum respond well to tetracycline.
Chlamydia trachomatis and Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
- Causes LGV, characterized by lymph node swelling and vesicular lesions.
- Contains serovars L1, L2, L2a, and L3.
- Frei test involves intradermal injection; inflammatory response indicates hypersensitivity to Chlamydia antigen.
Chlamydia as a Public Health Issue
- Leading cause of STDs, more prevalent than any other bacterial pathogen.
- Symptoms include rash spreading from extremities to trunk and can lead to severe complications such as renal failure and seizures.
Rickettsial Diseases
- Transitional group recognized, relates to spotted fever but more distant.
- Typhus fever characterized by a rash starting on the trunk, progressing to extremities.
- Epidemic typhus is severe and often fatal; endemic typhus is milder.
Laboratory Tests for Rickettsial Diseases
- Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion; blood is the primary specimen.
- Serology is less useful early in illness; Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) assay is the gold standard.
Bartonella spp.
- Bartonella quintana is a gram-negative organism previously linked to Rickettsiales but cultivable in cell-free medium.
Klebsiella granulomatis
- Gram-negative bacillus responsible for granuloma inguinale (donovanosis).
- Infection occurs through sexual intercourse; characterized by beefy, painless lesions.
Granuloma Inguinale Diagnosis
- Scraping lesions allows for staining with Wright’s or Giemsa stain to identify Donovan bodies, which appear as blue rods with a safety pin appearance.
Antibiotic Treatment for Granuloma Inguinale
- Effective treatments include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and doxycycline; ciprofloxacin and azithromycin may be used during pregnancy.
Tropheryma
- Further details on Tropheryma were not provided in the text.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Mycoplasma pneumoniae, its pathogenicity, and extra-respiratory manifestations. This quiz covers its chronic infections, hemolytic anemia, and systemic effects. Enhance your understanding of this unique pathogen and its implications on health.
