Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma resistant to penicillin and similar antibiotics?
Why are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma resistant to penicillin and similar antibiotics?
- They possess a thick peptidoglycan layer that is impermeable to these drugs.
- They actively pump the antibiotics out of their cells using efflux pumps.
- They modify the antibiotic molecule, rendering it inactive.
- They lack a cell wall, which is the target of penicillin and similar antibiotics. (correct)
What is a unique characteristic of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma cell membranes?
What is a unique characteristic of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma cell membranes?
- They lack sterols.
- They contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
- They contain sterols. (correct)
- They have a high concentration of peptidoglycans.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- Contaminated food or water
- Direct contact with fomites
- Respiratory droplets (correct)
- Sexual contact
How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause cellular damage in the respiratory tract?
How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause cellular damage in the respiratory tract?
What role do superantigens play in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
What role do superantigens play in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections?
A patient presents with atypical pneumonia and is suspected of having a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate to confirm this?
A patient presents with atypical pneumonia and is suspected of having a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate to confirm this?
Which of the following is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
Which of the following is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
What is the recommended treatment approach for patients with extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae accompanied by thrombosis?
What is the recommended treatment approach for patients with extrapulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae accompanied by thrombosis?
What is the primary route of transmission for Mycoplasma genitalium?
What is the primary route of transmission for Mycoplasma genitalium?
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in men?
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in men?
What adverse pregnancy outcome is associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women?
What adverse pregnancy outcome is associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women?
Which antibiotic is typically used to treat Mycoplasma genitalium infections?
Which antibiotic is typically used to treat Mycoplasma genitalium infections?
Which conditions are Mycoplasma hominis associated with?
Which conditions are Mycoplasma hominis associated with?
Which antibiotic is recommended for treating Mycoplasma hominis infections?
Which antibiotic is recommended for treating Mycoplasma hominis infections?
Which of the following characteristics differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from other Mycoplasmas?
Which of the following characteristics differentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum from other Mycoplasmas?
Which clinical condition is Ureaplasma urealyticum associated with?
Which clinical condition is Ureaplasma urealyticum associated with?
What antibiotic is used to treat Ureaplasma urealyticum infections?
What antibiotic is used to treat Ureaplasma urealyticum infections?
What is a potential consequence of vertical transmission of Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from mother to neonate?
What is a potential consequence of vertical transmission of Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from mother to neonate?
What preventative measure can be taken to reduce the risk of neonatal infection with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum?
What preventative measure can be taken to reduce the risk of neonatal infection with Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum?
A researcher is studying Mycoplasma pneumoniae and wants to understand how the bacteria initially attach to respiratory cells. Which structure should the researcher focus on?
A researcher is studying Mycoplasma pneumoniae and wants to understand how the bacteria initially attach to respiratory cells. Which structure should the researcher focus on?
A clinician is treating a patient with a suspected Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. However, the strain is suspected to be macrolide-resistant. Which alternative antibiotics could be considered?
A clinician is treating a patient with a suspected Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. However, the strain is suspected to be macrolide-resistant. Which alternative antibiotics could be considered?
A sexually active young adult presents with symptoms of urethritis. The Gram stain is negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Which organism is most likely causing these symptoms?
A sexually active young adult presents with symptoms of urethritis. The Gram stain is negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Which organism is most likely causing these symptoms?
During an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in a densely populated dormitory, what characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae contributes to its efficient spread?
During an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in a densely populated dormitory, what characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae contributes to its efficient spread?
A pregnant woman is diagnosed with a Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. What potential risk does this infection pose to her pregnancy?
A pregnant woman is diagnosed with a Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. What potential risk does this infection pose to her pregnancy?
A microbiology student is asked to describe the growth characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a laboratory setting. Which of the following would be an accurate description?
A microbiology student is asked to describe the growth characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a laboratory setting. Which of the following would be an accurate description?
Flashcards
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Smallest free-living bacteria, lacking a cell wall, resistant to penicillin.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Respiratory infection, from mild tracheobronchitis to severe pneumonia.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Transmission
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Transmission
Via respiratory droplets.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment
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Cellular Destruction
Cellular Destruction
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Superantigen action
Superantigen action
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Extrapulmonary Infection Causes
Extrapulmonary Infection Causes
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Extrapulmonary Manifestations
Extrapulmonary Manifestations
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Opportunistic Pathogen Transmission
Opportunistic Pathogen Transmission
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Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma genitalium
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Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureaplasma urealyticum
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Ureaplasma urealyticum Feature
Ureaplasma urealyticum Feature
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Vertical Transmission & Neonatal Infection
Vertical Transmission & Neonatal Infection
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Study Notes
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
- Smallest free-living bacteria lacking a cell wall
- Stain poorly
- Resistant to penicillin and other antibacterial drugs targeting the cell wall
- Their cell membranes contain sterols, which is unique
- Facultative anaerobes except for Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a strict aerobe
- Grow slowly when cultured
- They have a fried-egg appearance when cultured
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Also referred to as "Eaton agent"
- Causes a range of respiratory infections, from mild tracheobronchitis to severe atypical pneumonia
- Spreads slowly among individuals in close contact, such as families
- Some infected individuals will be asymptomatic
- Long incubation period, and infection can persist for months
- Post-infection acquired immunity is short-lived and incomplete
- Diagnostic tests include PCR amplification and ELISA
- Treatment includes erythromycin, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolones
- Macrolide-resistant strains are a growing concern
- Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets
- Primary site of infection is the respiratory tract
- Possesses an attachment organelle facilitating motility and adherence to cells
- P1 adhesins are key in the attachment process
- After attachment, the bacteria destroy ciliated cells, inhibiting microbial clearance from the respiratory tract
- Cellular destruction is achieved via production of hydrogen peroxide and Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome exotoxin (CARDS)
- Acts as superantigens, recruiting and activating inflammatory cells, leading to the release of cytokines
- Inflammatory cells and their products are responsible for many clinical manifestations of infection
Extrapulmonary Infections
- Result from inflammatory cytokines, autoimmunity, and the formation of immune complexes
- Individuals may experience neurological, cardiac diseases, thrombosis, hemolytic anemia, arthritis, or cutaneous/mucosal lesions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
- These issues may arise with or without atypical pneumonia
- Treated with corticosteroids or immunoglobulins
- Patients with thrombosis should be given anticoagulants
Opportunistic Pathogens
- Primarily affect the urogenital tract
- Transmitted via sexual activity (contact with infected mucosal surfaces)
- Mycoplasma genitalium infection is often asymptomatic but a common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men
- Mycoplasma genitalium associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women
- Treated with azithromycin or moxifloxacin
- Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are common colonizers of the female reproductive tract
- Mycoplasma hominis is associated with postpartum fever and pyelonephritis
- Mycoplasma hominis is treated with clindamycin
- Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with urethritis, pyelonephritis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes
- Ureaplasma urealyticum is treated with Erythromycin
- Ureaplasma urealyticum produces urease, which differentiates it from the Mycoplasmas
Vertical Transmission & Neonatal Infection
- Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum can be vertically transmitted from mother to fetus
- In neonates, these bacteria are associated with pulmonary disease, bacteremia, and meningitis
- Treatment of infected mothers may prevent transmission and neonatal disease
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