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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are characteristics of fungi?
Which of the following are characteristics of fungi?
What are the long strands of tube-like structures in fungi called?
What are the long strands of tube-like structures in fungi called?
Hyphae
Aerial mycelia are responsible for absorbing nutrients from the medium.
Aerial mycelia are responsible for absorbing nutrients from the medium.
False (B)
Which of the following is NOT a type of vegetative mycelia?
Which of the following is NOT a type of vegetative mycelia?
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Septate hyphae have frequent cross walls that occur perpendicular to the outer walls of the hyphae.
Septate hyphae have frequent cross walls that occur perpendicular to the outer walls of the hyphae.
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What type of hyphae has few cross walls at irregular intervals?
What type of hyphae has few cross walls at irregular intervals?
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Polymorphic fungi have both yeast and mold forms in the same culture.
Polymorphic fungi have both yeast and mold forms in the same culture.
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What is the asexual reproductive structure of a fungal spore called?
What is the asexual reproductive structure of a fungal spore called?
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What type of conidia is formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae?
What type of conidia is formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae?
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Dimorphic fungi include a mold phase and a yeast or spherule phase.
Dimorphic fungi include a mold phase and a yeast or spherule phase.
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Yeast grows at 37°C with increased concentration of CO2.
Yeast grows at 37°C with increased concentration of CO2.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction in fungi?
Which of the following is NOT a type of asexual reproduction in fungi?
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What type of asexual reproduction is produced by phialide (vase shape structure)?
What type of asexual reproduction is produced by phialide (vase shape structure)?
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Chlamydospores are produced by chlamydoconidia and are composed of terminal, intercalary, and sessile structures.
Chlamydospores are produced by chlamydoconidia and are composed of terminal, intercalary, and sessile structures.
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Sporangiospores are produced by a sporangium.
Sporangiospores are produced by a sporangium.
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Which of the following is NOT required for sexual reproduction in fungi?
Which of the following is NOT required for sexual reproduction in fungi?
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What is the term for a fungus that reproduces sexually?
What is the term for a fungus that reproduces sexually?
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Synanamorphs have more than one anamorph present for the same teleomorph or when a single fungus produces more than one anamorph.
Synanamorphs have more than one anamorph present for the same teleomorph or when a single fungus produces more than one anamorph.
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What type of sexual reproduction is produced by the Phylum Ascomycota?
What type of sexual reproduction is produced by the Phylum Ascomycota?
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Basidiospores are produced by the Phylum Basidiomycota.
Basidiospores are produced by the Phylum Basidiomycota.
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Zygospores are produced by Zygomycota or Mucorales.
Zygospores are produced by Zygomycota or Mucorales.
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Colonization refers to the multiplication of an organism without causing harm to the host.
Colonization refers to the multiplication of an organism without causing harm to the host.
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Infection refers to multiplication of an organism that brings harm and can result in injury.
Infection refers to multiplication of an organism that brings harm and can result in injury.
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Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for fungal infections?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for fungal infections?
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When collecting a specimen for fungal culture, what is the most important concern for fungal survival?
When collecting a specimen for fungal culture, what is the most important concern for fungal survival?
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It is recommended to transport blood samples for fungal culture within 2 hours of collection at room temperature.
It is recommended to transport blood samples for fungal culture within 2 hours of collection at room temperature.
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What is the recommended concentration for CSF samples being processed for fungal culture?
What is the recommended concentration for CSF samples being processed for fungal culture?
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Sterile body fluids, like synovial fluid, should be transported within 15 minutes at room temperature and refrigerated immediately.
Sterile body fluids, like synovial fluid, should be transported within 15 minutes at room temperature and refrigerated immediately.
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What type of specimen should be directly plated onto media at the bedside for fungal culture?
What type of specimen should be directly plated onto media at the bedside for fungal culture?
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When collecting a vaginal swab for fungal culture, it is recommended to transport the swab within 2 hours at room temperature.
When collecting a vaginal swab for fungal culture, it is recommended to transport the swab within 2 hours at room temperature.
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Which of the following is a mounting medium used in direct microscopic examination of fungal specimens?
Which of the following is a mounting medium used in direct microscopic examination of fungal specimens?
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Calcofluor white is a fluorescent dye that can be added to KOH mounts to highlight fungal elements.
Calcofluor white is a fluorescent dye that can be added to KOH mounts to highlight fungal elements.
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In a KOH mount with Calcofluor white, fungal elements are often seen as apple green or blue-white in color, depending on the filter used on the microscope.
In a KOH mount with Calcofluor white, fungal elements are often seen as apple green or blue-white in color, depending on the filter used on the microscope.
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Which of the following stains is used for differentiation of Nocardia from Actinomyces?
Which of the following stains is used for differentiation of Nocardia from Actinomyces?
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The Gomori Methenamine Silver Nitrate stain is primarily used to detect Histoplasma capsulatum in bone marrow or blood.
The Gomori Methenamine Silver Nitrate stain is primarily used to detect Histoplasma capsulatum in bone marrow or blood.
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The Giemsa stain highlights fungal elements in purple blue with a clear halo in bone marrow or blood samples and appears on a pink purple background.
The Giemsa stain highlights fungal elements in purple blue with a clear halo in bone marrow or blood samples and appears on a pink purple background.
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Acridine orange stain requires a fluorescence microscope to view fungal elements which are displayed as green fluorescent, while epithelial cells appear orange.
Acridine orange stain requires a fluorescence microscope to view fungal elements which are displayed as green fluorescent, while epithelial cells appear orange.
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Study Notes
Mycology Part 1
-
General Characteristics:
- Yeasts vs. Molds: Yeasts are single-celled organisms forming smooth, creamy colonies. Molds are multicellular, exhibiting a fuzzy or woolly appearance due to mycelia.
- Mycelia are masses of hyphae
- Hyphae are long, tubular structures.
- Septate hyphae have cross-walls perpendicular to the outer walls
- Sparsely septate hyphae have few cross-walls at irregular intervals.
- Coenocytic hyphae lack cross-walls.
- Pigmentation in hyphae:
- Hyaline (Moniliaceous): non-pigmented or lightly pigmented.
- Phaeoid (Dematiaceous): darkly pigmented.
- General characteristics of fungi: Eukaryotic, chitin cell walls, ergosterol in cell membranes, obligate aerobes, reproduce asexually or sexually via spores, lack chlorophyll, lack susceptibility to antibacterial antibiotics.
Reproduction
-
Asexual Reproduction (Imperfect Fungi): Results in conidia (singular, conidium) formation following mitosis.
- Conidia: asexual reproductive structures of a fungus.
- Arthroconidia: conidia formed by the fragmentation of fertile hyphae.
Reproduction
-
Sexual Reproduction (Perfect Fungi): Also termed "Plus and minus mating type". Two different hyphae fuse to form a zygospore. This involves the fusion of two compatible nuclei, followed by meiosis.
- Teleomorph: sexual reproductive state of a fungus.
- Anamorph: asexual reproductive state of a fungus.
- Synanamorphs: multiple anamorphs for the same teleomorph, or a single fungus producing multiple anamorphs.
Taxonomy
- Ascomycota: Sexual spores are ascospores. Includes Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Scedosporium boydii.
- Basidiomycota: Presence of clamp connections at hyphal septations.
- Mucorales: Produces profuse gray or white aerial mycelia, hyaline hyphae, sparsely septate hyphae.
- Fungi Imperfecti (Deuteromycota): No sexual mode of reproduction has yet been identified.
Fungal Culture Process
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Specimen Collection & Transport: Collection methods vary depending on the specimen type (blood, CSF, sterile fluids, tissue biopsies, etc.) which should be carefully collected and appropriately transported to maintain viability. Sterile collection techniques are crucial.
- Cold chain (transport in cool environments) is critical for maintaining sample integrity. Rapid processing is encouraged.
Direct Microscopic Examination
- Crucial for rapid identification and diagnosis.
- KOH preparation: helps to break down keratin and skin layers, facilitating visualization of fungal elements.
Permanent Mounts
- PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff): differentiates fungi.
- Gram Stain: all fungi are Gram positive.
- Acid-Fast Stain: differentiate Nocardia from Actinomyces.
- Gomori Methenamine Silver Nitrate: Stains fungi black on a green background.
- Giemsa: detects Histoplasma capsulatum in bone marrow or blood, stains fungi purple-blue with a clear halo.
- Acridine Orange: stains fungi green under fluorescence microscopy.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of mycology in this quiz covering the general characteristics of fungi, including the differences between yeasts and molds, hyphal structures, and pigmentation. Dive into the intricacies of asexual reproduction among imperfect fungi and test your knowledge on these important biological organisms.
