Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Phagocytosis Process
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?

  • Mutations in the NADPH oxidase enzyme (correct)
  • Neutrophilia
  • Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections
  • Inability to produce toxic molecules

    • What is the purpose of the Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) test in diagnosing Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?

  • To measure the level of neutrophils in the blood
  • To detect the presence of granulomas in the body
  • To determine if the patient's cells can undergo an oxidative burst (correct)
  • To assess the patient's body temperature in response to infection

    • Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Acute-Phase Response?

  • Decreased body temperature in response to infection
  • Decreased fat metabolic rate and increased appetite
  • Increased production of C3, C4, and CRP by the liver (correct)
  • Decreased production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

    • What is the primary effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) during the Acute-Phase Response?

    <p>Increased fat metabolic rate and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the neutrophil dysfunction in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?

    <p>Inability to produce toxic molecules to kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type 1 interferons (IFN α and IFN β)?

    <p>Inhibiting viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is most important in allergic diseases and activates TH2 cells?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein acts as an opsonin during an acute phase response?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do corticosteroids have on shedding of the stratum corneum during infections like fungi?

    <p>Slow shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine supports the proliferation of lymphocytes in primary lymphoid tissue?

    <p>IL-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Defensins in the immune response?

    <p>Create holes in bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the respiratory burst process?

    <p>Myeloperoxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Lactoferrin in the immune response?

    <p>Bind to iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is released into the phagosome to aid in the digestion of bacteria?

    <p>Protolytic Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Nitric Oxide in the immune system?

    <p>Acts as a neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the immune response?

    <p>Physically capture pathogens using DNA and histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of exaggerated innate immune system activation, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Systemic inflammatory response syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds to endotoxin and prevents it from activating macrophages?

    <p>Recombinant bacteriocidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug is Imiquimod, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Drug that mimics single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of corticosteroids at the usual doses?

    <p>Reduce inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CpG motifs, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Stimulate dendritic cells to secrete IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does blocking TNF with monoclonal antibodies have on immune response?

    <p>Reduces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the surface markers found on NK cells?

    <p>CD16, CD56, CD2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main mechanisms used by NK cells to kill target cells?

    <p>Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and secretion of cytotoxic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an activator of NK cells?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do herpesviruses and influenza viruses evade the immune response by NK cells?

    <p>Herpesviruses downregulate MHC expression, while influenza viruses upregulate MHC expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mast cells in the immune system?

    <p>Secretion of histamine and other inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most important chemokine for the recruitment of eosinophils to sites of inflammation?

    <p>Eotaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of TH1 cells in the formation of granulomas?

    <p>Secreting cytokines that promote macrophage differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of secondary phagocyte defects?

    <p>Cytotoxic chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to septic shock?

    <p>Stimulation of macrophages to produce TNF, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the BCG vaccine in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer?

    <p>Stimulating a T cell-mediated immune response against bladder cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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