33 Questions
What is the primary cause of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Mutations in the NADPH oxidase enzyme
What is the purpose of the Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) test in diagnosing Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
To determine if the patient's cells can undergo an oxidative burst
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the Acute-Phase Response?
Increased production of C3, C4, and CRP by the liver
What is the primary effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) during the Acute-Phase Response?
Increased fat metabolic rate and anorexia
Which of the following is a characteristic of the neutrophil dysfunction in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Inability to produce toxic molecules to kill pathogens
Which cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
IFN-γ
What is the primary function of type 1 interferons (IFN α and IFN β)?
Inhibiting viral replication
Which cytokine is most important in allergic diseases and activates TH2 cells?
IL-4
Which protein acts as an opsonin during an acute phase response?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
What effect do corticosteroids have on shedding of the stratum corneum during infections like fungi?
Slow shedding
Which cytokine supports the proliferation of lymphocytes in primary lymphoid tissue?
IL-7
What is the function of Defensins in the immune response?
Create holes in bacteria
Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the respiratory burst process?
Myeloperoxidase
What is the role of Lactoferrin in the immune response?
Bind to iron
Which substance is released into the phagosome to aid in the digestion of bacteria?
Protolytic Enzymes
What is the main function of Nitric Oxide in the immune system?
Acts as a neurotransmitter
What is the purpose of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the immune response?
Physically capture pathogens using DNA and histones
What is the consequence of exaggerated innate immune system activation, as mentioned in the text?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Which protein binds to endotoxin and prevents it from activating macrophages?
Recombinant bacteriocidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)
Which type of drug is Imiquimod, as mentioned in the text?
Drug that mimics single-stranded RNA
What is the main effect of corticosteroids at the usual doses?
Reduce inflammation
What is the function of CpG motifs, as mentioned in the text?
Stimulate dendritic cells to secrete IL-12
What effect does blocking TNF with monoclonal antibodies have on immune response?
Reduces inflammation
What are the surface markers found on NK cells?
CD16, CD56, CD2
What are the main mechanisms used by NK cells to kill target cells?
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and secretion of cytotoxic granules
Which of the following is NOT an activator of NK cells?
IL-6
How do herpesviruses and influenza viruses evade the immune response by NK cells?
Herpesviruses downregulate MHC expression, while influenza viruses upregulate MHC expression
What is the main function of mast cells in the immune system?
Secretion of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Which of the following is the most important chemokine for the recruitment of eosinophils to sites of inflammation?
Eotaxin
What is the primary function of TH1 cells in the formation of granulomas?
Secreting cytokines that promote macrophage differentiation
What is the most common cause of secondary phagocyte defects?
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
What is the primary mechanism by which bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to septic shock?
Stimulation of macrophages to produce TNF, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide
What is the primary function of the BCG vaccine in the treatment of urinary bladder cancer?
Stimulating a T cell-mediated immune response against bladder cancer cells
Test your knowledge on the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resisting digestion by phagocytes. Learn about the substances released into the phagosome, proteolytic enzymes, α1 antitrypsin, defensins, lactoferrin, and products of respiratory burst.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
