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Questions and Answers
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
- G2 phase
- G1 phase
- S phase (correct)
- M phase
What is the process called when microtubules of the mitotic spindle separate the sister chromatids?
What is the process called when microtubules of the mitotic spindle separate the sister chromatids?
- Chromosomal segregation
- Cytokinesis
- Cytoplasmic division
- Mitosis (correct)
What is the division process involving nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm known as?
What is the division process involving nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm known as?
- Cytokinesis
- Mitosis (correct)
- Interphase
- Meiosis
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the term for the process of DNA replication where one of the two strands of each new DNA molecule was derived from the parent molecule and the other strand was newly synthesized?
What is the term for the process of DNA replication where one of the two strands of each new DNA molecule was derived from the parent molecule and the other strand was newly synthesized?
What is the term for the time gap that separates S phase from the previous M phase?
What is the term for the time gap that separates S phase from the previous M phase?
Which enzyme is involved in replication initiation in bacteria?
Which enzyme is involved in replication initiation in bacteria?
What is the direction of DNA replication fork movement in bacteria?
What is the direction of DNA replication fork movement in bacteria?
Which proteins are involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
Which proteins are involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
What activity of DNA polymerase is responsible for proofreading during replication?
What activity of DNA polymerase is responsible for proofreading during replication?
What initiates DNA replication in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What initiates DNA replication in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl use to distinguish DNA strands in their experiment?
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl use to distinguish DNA strands in their experiment?
What did Cairns observe in relation to DNA replication?
What did Cairns observe in relation to DNA replication?
Which enzyme adds deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
Which enzyme adds deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the role of telomerase in maintaining telomeres?
What is the role of telomerase in maintaining telomeres?
What is the function of DNA clamp proteins like PCNA during DNA replication in eukaryotes?
What is the function of DNA clamp proteins like PCNA during DNA replication in eukaryotes?
What problem do telomeres solve in eukaryotic DNA replication?
What problem do telomeres solve in eukaryotic DNA replication?
What is the role of replication factories in DNA replication?
What is the role of replication factories in DNA replication?
What can lead to spontaneous mutations during DNA replication?
What can lead to spontaneous mutations during DNA replication?
Which type of mutagens fall into two categories: chemicals and radiation?
Which type of mutagens fall into two categories: chemicals and radiation?
What type of radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
What type of radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
Which repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
Which repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
What repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
What repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
Which repair mechanism detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease?
Which repair mechanism detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
What repair mechanism involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
What repair mechanism involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
Which type of mutation-causing agents can induce mutation by mobile genetic elements such as viruses or transposable elements?
Which type of mutation-causing agents can induce mutation by mobile genetic elements such as viruses or transposable elements?
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the division process involving nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm known as?
What is the division process involving nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm known as?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the term for the process of DNA replication where one of the two strands of each new DNA molecule was derived from the parent molecule and the other strand was newly synthesized?
What is the term for the process of DNA replication where one of the two strands of each new DNA molecule was derived from the parent molecule and the other strand was newly synthesized?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
What is the term for the sites at which eukaryotic DNA replication initiates?
What is the term for the sites at which eukaryotic DNA replication initiates?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding RNA primers to the 3' end of an existing nucleotide chain during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding RNA primers to the 3' end of an existing nucleotide chain during DNA replication?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
What is the name of the complex involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
What is the name of the complex involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
Which activity of DNA polymerase is responsible for proofreading during DNA replication?
Which activity of DNA polymerase is responsible for proofreading during DNA replication?
What is the name of the process where certain replicons replicate early during S phase, while others replicate later?
What is the name of the process where certain replicons replicate early during S phase, while others replicate later?
What is the term for the process where replication forks move away from the origin, unwind the DNA, and copy both strands in bacteria?
What is the term for the process where replication forks move away from the origin, unwind the DNA, and copy both strands in bacteria?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
What is the function of telomerase in maintaining telomeres?
What is the function of telomerase in maintaining telomeres?
What is the role of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the role of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the main function of DNA helicases during DNA replication?
What is the main function of DNA helicases during DNA replication?
What is the purpose of replication factories in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of replication factories in DNA replication?
What is the function of chromatin remodeling proteins during DNA replication?
What is the function of chromatin remodeling proteins during DNA replication?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
Which type of mutagens is known to cause DNA damage by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
Which type of mutagens is known to cause DNA damage by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
What repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
What repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
Which repair mechanism detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease?
Which repair mechanism detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease?
What type of radiation removes electrons from molecules and generates highly reactive intermediates that damage DNA?
What type of radiation removes electrons from molecules and generates highly reactive intermediates that damage DNA?
Which repair mechanism is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
Which repair mechanism is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
Which repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
Which repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
What is the process called when abnormal nucleotides are removed and replaced after DNA replication?
What is the process called when abnormal nucleotides are removed and replaced after DNA replication?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
What is the name of the complex involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
What is the name of the complex involved in eukaryotic replication initiation?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
During which phase does DNA synthesis occur?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the term for the gap that separates S phase from the next M phase?
What is the purpose of replication factories in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of replication factories in DNA replication?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for adding deoxynucleotides to the 3′ end of the RNA primer during DNA synthesis?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the function of topoisomerases during DNA replication?
What is the term for the highly repeated sequences at chromosome ends that solve the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the term for the highly repeated sequences at chromosome ends that solve the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the main function of DNA helicases during DNA replication?
What is the main function of DNA helicases during DNA replication?
What is the term for the process of lengthening telomeres by adding repetitive sequences?
What is the term for the process of lengthening telomeres by adding repetitive sequences?
What is the term for the coordinated process on both leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
What is the term for the coordinated process on both leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl use to distinguish DNA strands in their experiment?
What did Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl use to distinguish DNA strands in their experiment?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
What is the term for the process where replication forks move away from the origin, unwind the DNA, and copy both strands in bacteria?
What is the term for the process where replication forks move away from the origin, unwind the DNA, and copy both strands in bacteria?
Which enzyme is involved in replication initiation in bacteria?
Which enzyme is involved in replication initiation in bacteria?
What is the function of DNA clamp proteins like PCNA during DNA replication in eukaryotes?
What is the function of DNA clamp proteins like PCNA during DNA replication in eukaryotes?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the term for the chromosomes that have duplicated and consist of two sister chromatids?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
What is the main role of telomeres in solving the DNA end-replication problem in eukaryotes?
Which repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
Which repair mechanism involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light?
What type of radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
What type of radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
What allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides?
Which repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
Which repair mechanism corrects single damaged bases?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
What is the term for the process where DNA polymerases catalyze elongation in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA is synthesized in discontinuous fragments?
Which repair mechanism is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
Which repair mechanism is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
What initiates DNA replication in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What initiates DNA replication in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
Which repair mechanism involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity?
Which repair mechanism involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
Which repair mechanism involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined?
Study Notes
Mutagens, DNA Damage, and Repair Mechanisms
- DNA damage can be caused by mutation-causing agents, mutagens
- Environmental mutagens fall into two categories: chemicals and radiation
- Mutation can also be induced by mobile genetic elements, such as found in viruses, or transposable elements (transposons)
- Base analogues, base-modifying agents, and intercalating agents are types of chemical mutagens
- Ultraviolet radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation
- X-rays and related types of radiation, called ionizing radiation, remove electrons from molecules and generate highly reactive intermediates that damage DNA
- Light-dependent repair involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light
- Base excision repair corrects single damaged bases, while nucleotide excision repair detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease
- Errors remaining after DNA replication are repaired by excision repair, in which abnormal nucleotides are removed and replaced
- DNA methylation allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides
- Double-strand breaks cleave DNA into two fragments, and are repaired using nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination
- Nonhomologous end-joining is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined, while homologous recombination involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity
Mutagens, DNA Damage, and Repair Mechanisms
- DNA damage can be caused by mutation-causing agents, mutagens
- Environmental mutagens fall into two categories: chemicals and radiation
- Mutation can also be induced by mobile genetic elements, such as found in viruses, or transposable elements (transposons)
- Base analogues, base-modifying agents, and intercalating agents are types of chemical mutagens
- Ultraviolet radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation
- X-rays and related types of radiation, called ionizing radiation, remove electrons from molecules and generate highly reactive intermediates that damage DNA
- Light-dependent repair involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light
- Base excision repair corrects single damaged bases, while nucleotide excision repair detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease
- Errors remaining after DNA replication are repaired by excision repair, in which abnormal nucleotides are removed and replaced
- DNA methylation allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides
- Double-strand breaks cleave DNA into two fragments, and are repaired using nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination
- Nonhomologous end-joining is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined, while homologous recombination involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity
Mutagens, DNA Damage, and Repair Mechanisms
- DNA damage can be caused by mutation-causing agents, mutagens
- Environmental mutagens fall into two categories: chemicals and radiation
- Mutation can also be induced by mobile genetic elements, such as found in viruses, or transposable elements (transposons)
- Base analogues, base-modifying agents, and intercalating agents are types of chemical mutagens
- Ultraviolet radiation alters DNA by triggering pyrimidine dimer formation
- X-rays and related types of radiation, called ionizing radiation, remove electrons from molecules and generate highly reactive intermediates that damage DNA
- Light-dependent repair involves the enzyme photolyase and is powered by visible light
- Base excision repair corrects single damaged bases, while nucleotide excision repair detects distortions in the DNA helix and recruits NER endonuclease
- Errors remaining after DNA replication are repaired by excision repair, in which abnormal nucleotides are removed and replaced
- DNA methylation allows mismatch repair systems to distinguish the original DNA from the newly made strand and replace incorrect nucleotides
- Double-strand breaks cleave DNA into two fragments, and are repaired using nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination
- Nonhomologous end-joining is error-prone and involves joining broken DNA fragments without ensuring the correct DNA fragments are joined, while homologous recombination involves genetic exchange between DNA molecules with extensive sequence similarity
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Description
Test your knowledge of mutagens, DNA damage, and repair mechanisms with this quiz. Explore the different types of mutation-causing agents, environmental mutagens, and the various repair mechanisms that cells employ to maintain genomic integrity.
