Questions and Answers
What years define the Classical Period?
1750 to 1825
What years define the Romantic Period?
1820 to 1900
What is the Classical/Gallant style?
A style that created more emphasis on a universal level (objectivity) rather than the specific and personal.
What is another name for Sonata Form?
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In sonata form, one should always take the repeat.
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What defines a sonata?
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What are the three traditionally indicated sections of a movement structured in sonata form?
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What is the section scheme of sonata form?
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What is the purpose of the exposition in sonata form?
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What are the two main themes of the exposition?
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What characterizes the development section in sonata form?
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What is the function of the recapitulation in sonata form?
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Name an important characteristic of symphonies.
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Why is Franz Joseph Haydn often called 'the father of the symphony'?
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What are hammerstrokes in the context of orchestral music?
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Who was Giovanni Sammartini?
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What did F.J. Haydn contribute to musical composition?
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What significant changes did Beethoven make to the symphony?
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What is the term for a rhythmic pattern of syncopated beats?
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Define fermata in music.
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What does cyclic form indicate in a composition?
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Who took Beethoven as a student?
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How did Beethoven's deafness affect his music?
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Describe the characteristics of Beethoven's late period.
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What is an arpeggio?
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What do we know about the Romantic Period in music?
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What qualities did Frédéric Chopin bring to piano composition during the Romantic Period?
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What is a nocturne in music?
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What is rubato?
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Who is famously known for the concept of 'Gesamtkunstwerk'?
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What do leitmotifs in Wagner's operas represent?
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What is the significance of Arthur Schopenhauer's belief in relation to Wagner's work?
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What is the function of a coda in a musical piece?
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What are the characteristics of miniatures in musical composition?
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What is the meaning of 'art song' or 'lied'?
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Define strophic form in music.
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What does the term 'asternato' signify in music?
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What does it mean to be virtuosic?
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What defines a character piece in music?
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Beethoven experienced life solely within the classical period.
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Why is Beethoven considered a hero?
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What made Wagner's musical drama romantic?
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Study Notes
Classical Period
- Spanned from 1750 to 1825.
- Marked by the Classical/Gallant style emphasizing objectivity over personal emotion.
Romantic Period
- Lasted from 1820 to 1900.
- Focused on individual feelings, emotion, and imagination, celebrating intuition and fantasy.
Sonata Form
- Also known as Sonata-allegro Form or First Movement Form.
- Comprises three main sections: exposition, development, and recapitulation.
- Section scheme follows A A B A, where A sections consist of two parts each.
Exposition
- Introduces major musical themes, with two main themes typically presented.
- The first theme is dramatic and in the tonic key; the second is lyrical and in a different key.
- Linked by a bridge and closed with a cadence theme.
Development Section
- Represents a musical climax, positioned as the third section in the sonata form.
- Themes undergo transformation and exploration, leading to increased tension.
Recapitulation
- Restates main thematic material from the exposition in original order, often following a retransition.
- Usually includes a coda as a closing statement.
Symphony
- Instrumental genre characterized by multiple movements and lofty ambitions.
- Can feature soloists and has roots in opera overtures.
Franz Joseph Haydn
- Recognized as "the father of the symphony," though this claim is debated.
- Pioneered the string quartet genre and influenced classical music significantly.
Beethoven
- Expanded symphonic length and complexity significantly.
- His symphonies were marked by emotional expressiveness, larger orchestras, and innovative structures.
- Cyclic form denotes thematic connections across movements.
Romantic Composers and Music
- Franz Schubert epitomized the "Bohemian" lifestyle among artists.
- Frédéric Chopin focused on piano compositions, exploring inward emotions and nuanced performance.
- Hector Berlioz introduced unique orchestral ideas and dramatic storytelling in symphony.
Bel Canto
- An operatic style meaning "beautiful singing," emphasized by Rossini and Bellini.
- Featured dramatic vocal lines and structured arias, including the notable two-tempo aria format.
Wagner
- Viewed opera as a serious art form capable of societal impact.
- Developed the idea of leitmotifs, musical phrases tied to specific characters or themes within the narrative.
- Advocated for Gesamtkunstwerk, fusing all art forms in his operas.
Musical Terminology
- Rubato: Flexible tempo in performance.
- Ostinato: Persistently repeated musical phrase.
- Character Piece: Miniature compositions, often for piano (e.g., Nocturne).
- Strophic Form: Repeated music for verses in songs.
- Fermata: Symbol indicating a note is held longer than the written value.
Key Concepts
- Miniature compositions reflect emotional depth with no clear beginning or end.
- Music dramas break theatrical illusions, aiming for immersive narratives.
- Beethoven's heroism reflected personal struggles and societal challenges, inspiring many.
- Romanticism sought expressions that transcended rationality, delving into the unknown and mystical.
Conclusion
- The Classical and Romantic periods set the foundation for modern Western music, with significant developments in form, expression, and thematic complexity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms and definitions from the Classical and Romantic periods in music history. This quiz features important concepts such as the Classical Period, Romantic Period, and various musical forms. Perfect for students looking to review their understanding of these foundational eras in music.