Mushroom Identification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of fungi called?

  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Entomology
  • Mycology (correct)
  • Which of the following best describes the ecological role of fungi?

  • They produce energy through photosynthesis.
  • They recycle nutrients by breaking down organic matter. (correct)
  • They are solely destructive agents for other plants.
  • They primarily compete with other plants for resources.
  • What are mycorrhizae?

  • Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots. (correct)
  • Vegetative structures that store nutrients.
  • Fungal spores that spread through the air.
  • Types of harmful fungi that affect plant growth.
  • Which statement about mushroom species in the United States is correct?

    <p>More than 10,000 species of mushrooms are estimated to exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a healthy mycorrhizal association benefit plants?

    <p>It enhances nutrient and water uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might mushrooms not be listed as endangered species?

    <p>Little is known about their distribution and habitat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of fungi is NOT typically included under the term 'mushroom'?

    <p>Molds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mycelium play in mycorrhizae?

    <p>It wraps around the roots of plants for nutrient exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of the flesh of the Giant Puffball as it matures?

    <p>It turns greenish-yellow with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which habitat is the Green-Gilled Lepiota primarily found?

    <p>In lawns, meadows, and pastures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition makes the Giant Puffball edible?

    <p>If it is completely white inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual change occurs to the gills of the Green-Gilled Lepiota over time?

    <p>They change from white to dull green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature does the Jack-O-Lantern mushroom have?

    <p>It glows in the dark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger of consuming the Green-Gilled Lepiota?

    <p>It can cause violent gastrointestinal upset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does the Indigo Milk Cap leak when cut?

    <p>Opaque blue liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cap size of the Indigo Milk Cap?

    <p>2-4 inches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Lion's Mane mushrooms from other fungi?

    <p>They produce spores on white spines instead of gills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for Cyathus striatus?

    <p>Bird's Nest mushroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Yellow Chanterelles?

    <p>They have a trumpet-shaped appearance and are edible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the 'eggs' in the Bird's Nest mushroom when rain hits the cap?

    <p>The peridioles are shot out to disperse spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season is the Yellow Chanterelle typically found?

    <p>Late summer to early fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mushrooms is known to be similar to Lion's Mane but is a different species?

    <p>Bear's Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mushroom lacks gills and has gray to black 'eggs' that contain spores?

    <p>Bird's Nest mushroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color change observed in Lion’s Mane mushrooms as they age?

    <p>They change from white to yellow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape and appearance of the fruiting body of the Rounded Earthstar?

    <p>Star-shaped with rays curving backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mushrooms is considered edible?

    <p>Spotted Bolete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive change occurs to the gills of the Shaggy Mane as it matures?

    <p>They liquefy and turn black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of habitat does the Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods typically grow?

    <p>On dead or dying deciduous trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical height of the Shaggy Mane mushroom when mature?

    <p>2-3 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates the Split-Gill from other mushrooms discussed?

    <p>The gills are fan-shaped and split towards the edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the underside of the cap of the Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods?

    <p>Bright sulfur yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season does the Rounded Earthstar commonly grow?

    <p>Late summer and fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons for the need to manage public and private natural areas regarding mushrooms?

    <p>To protect and maintain mushroom populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended action for expanding knowledge on mushrooms?

    <p>Conducting research to develop new species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what did the early Greeks believe about mushrooms?

    <p>They were created by lightning from Zeus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of fungi species that have been discovered?

    <p>80,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest living organism in the world, according to the content?

    <p>Honey mushroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one observe mushroom spores effectively?

    <p>By making a spore print</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unusual fact is mentioned about the giant puffball?

    <p>It can produce more than 7 trillion spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the current state of mushroom research?

    <p>It requires ongoing research to better define habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the Emetic Russula mushroom?

    <p>It is known for causing nausea if consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mushrooms typically lacks a traditional gill structure?

    <p>Giant Puffball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs after the nuclei in the uppermost basidium fuse?

    <p>The nuclei undergo a two-step division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of the Crown-Tipped Coral mushroom?

    <p>It has a coral-like appearance with pointed tips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the habitat preference of the Yellow Morel?

    <p>Moist woodland areas with specific tree types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true regarding the Yellow Morel?

    <p>Its stem and cap are connected and completely hollow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the Stalked Scarlet Cup?

    <p>It produces spores in the lining of its cup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mushrooms is known for its distinctive smell that can be described as malodorous?

    <p>Elegant Stinkhorn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is essential for the development of a button mushroom from mycelium?

    <p>Optimal humidity, temperature, water, and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mycelium behave as it grows in relation to the nuclei?

    <p>Each new cell maintains the same type of nuclei as the original cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uppermost basidium contains two ______, which are indicated as white and black dots.

    <p>nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basidiospores are produced at the tips of the ______.

    <p>basidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A small mushroom termed a ______ will develop when suitable environmental conditions are met.

    <p>button</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Yellow Morel has a ______ or sponge-like appearance with honeycomb pits.

    <p>hollow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stalked Scarlet Cup grows on fallen wet sticks and branches in ______, deciduous woods.

    <p>damp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Crown-Tipped Coral is known for its yellow-tan color with crownlike tips and grows on the dead wood of __________ trees in summer.

    <p>deciduous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Elegant Stinkhorn emits a pungent odor due to its greenish brown __________ coating with spore mass.

    <p>slime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Emetic Russula is known for its bright red cap and is considered __________ due to its potential to cause severe gastrointestinal upset.

    <p>poisonous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dryad's Saddle has a stalk that is __________ to eccentric and black at the base.

    <p>lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fawn or Deer Mushroom has a typical mushroom shape with a brownish gray to dark brown __________ that may have darker fibers radiating from the center.

    <p>cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mushrooms are members of the Kingdom ______, one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms.

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of fungi is called ______, and the people who study them are known as mycologists.

    <p>mycology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a plant's ______.

    <p>roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fungus wraps threads called ______ around the roots of a plant to share nutrients.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than ______ species of mushrooms are estimated to be found in the United States.

    <p>10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'mushroom' refers to fungi that have large, fleshy, ______ bodies.

    <p>fruiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Lion's Mane mushroom lacks a traditional ______ and has a fruiting body that is covered with dense spines.

    <p>cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bird's Nest mushroom has a vase-shaped fruiting body that resembles a miniature ______ nest.

    <p>bird's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gills of the Yellow Chanterelle mushroom are hard to differentiate as they ______ down to the stem.

    <p>attach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spores of the Bird's Nest mushroom are contained within gray to black ______.

    <p>eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Lion's Mane mushroom can be found on ______ logs and stumps.

    <p>hardwood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Yellow Chanterelle has a distinctive ______ shaped appearance as it matures.

    <p>trumpet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The habitat of the Bird's Nest mushroom includes moist, shaded areas such as woodlands, parks, and ______ chips.

    <p>wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Yellow Chanterelle is known to emit a strong, ______ smell in northern regions.

    <p>apricot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Turkey Tail Fungus is known for its colorful zones and grows on stumps and logs of ______ trees.

    <p>deciduous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flesh of Wood Ear mushrooms is described as wrinkled and ______.

    <p>gelatinous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric is considered ______ due to its poisonous characteristics.

    <p>not edible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surveys have shown a decline in mushroom species populations in Illinois, primarily due to habitat ______ and destruction.

    <p>degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cap of the Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric is typically pale ______-orange in color.

    <p>yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wood Ear mushrooms are commonly found in ______ cuisine, where they are often used in various dishes.

    <p>Asian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fruiting body of the Rounded Earthstar is shaped like a ______.

    <p>star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gills of the Shaggy Mane turn black and ______ when mature.

    <p>liquefy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cap of the Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods is ______ on top and sulfur yellow below.

    <p>orange/red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spotted Bolete's stalk is typically ______ long.

    <p>5-10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Split-Gill mushroom features small, white, hairy, fan-shaped ______.

    <p>caps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The habitat of the Rounded Earthstar is typically ______.

    <p>humus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gills of the Shaggy Mane become ______ pink before liquefying.

    <p>salmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods grows in overlapping clusters on ______ trees.

    <p>deciduous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The color of the underside of the Spotted Bolete's cap features ______ pores.

    <p>yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Shaggy Mane is typically ______ tall when young.

    <p>2-3 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Mushrooms

    • Mushrooms belong to the Kingdom Fungi, second in species diversity only to insects.
    • Over 10,000 mushroom species exist in the U.S., with 2,000 found in Illinois.
    • Mycology is the study of fungi, and mycologists are the scientists who specialize in this field.
    • Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients and forming beneficial relationships with plants (mycorrhizae).
    • No mushrooms are listed as federally endangered or threatened, likely due to lack of research.

    Mushroom Anatomy

    • "Mushroom" refers to fungi with large, visible fruiting bodies, including various types like boletes, puffballs, and morels.
    • Toxic mushrooms can resemble edible varieties, stressing the need for accurate identification.

    Notable Mushroom Species

    • Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

      • Fruiting body: White, spongy, covered in spines.
      • Habitat: Found on hardwood logs, edible, but can be confused with Bear’s Head.
    • Bird’s Nest (Cyathus striatus)

      • Appearance: Vase-shaped with eggs containing spores.
      • Habitat: Moist, shaded areas; not edible but not toxic.
    • Yellow Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius)

      • Cap: Yellow-orange, trumpet-shaped, with unique ribbed texture.
      • Habitat: Grows near oaks; edible but caution advised due to look-alikes.
    • Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea)

      • Size: Can reach up to 2 feet across; white to greyish.
      • Edibility: Only edible when white inside; can cause gastrointestinal issues if aged.
    • Green-Gilled Lepiota (Chlorophyllum molybdites)

      • Cap: Large and white with cream-colored scales.
      • Toxicity: Highly poisonous; causes severe gastrointestinal distress.
    • Indigo Milk Cap (Lactarius indigo)

      • Cap: Light blue that bleeds blue liquid when cut.
      • Habitat: Mixed woodlands; edible.
    • Jack-O-Lantern (Omphalotus illudens)

      • Appearance: Pumpkin orange, bioluminescent gills.
      • Toxicity: Not edible; can be confused with chanterelles.

    Mushroom Facts

    • Early Greeks associated mushrooms with lightning from Zeus due to their sudden growth after storms.
    • Estimated 1.5 million fungi species exist, with only 80,000 described.
    • The largest organism, a honey mushroom, spans 3.5 miles in Oregon, believed to be over 2,400 years old.
    • A giant puffball can produce over 7 trillion spores, capable of outnumbering Earth’s weight if all germinated.
    • Making a spore print can help identify mushroom species by observing spore mass.

    Conservation and Study

    • Continued research is necessary for identifying mushroom species and habitat needs.
    • Amateur mycologists play a significant role in documenting mushroom distributions.
    • Engaging in field identification, journaling, photography, and joining mushroom clubs supports mycological knowledge and conservation efforts.

    Introduction to Illinois Mushrooms

    • Study guide adapted from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources' "Illinois Mushrooms" poster and a publication by Joe McFarland and Gregory M.
    • Structurally, mushrooms consist of a cap, gills, and a stalk; fungi undergo a life cycle involving spore production and mycelium growth.

    Types of Fungi

    • Two main classes of mushrooms: Ascomycetes (sac fungi) and Basidiomycetes (club fungi).

    Ascomycetes

    • Stalked Scarlet Cup (Sarcoscypha occidentalis):

      • Size: ¼ - 5/8” cap on small white stalk (3/8 – 1 ¼”).
      • Habitat: Moist, deciduous woods during spring/early summer; non-edible.
    • Yellow Morel (Morchella esculenta):

      • Size: 7-15 cm tall with sponge-like pits.
      • Habitat: Grows around certain trees from early April to May; edible but caution needed due to similar toxic species.

    Basidiomycetes

    • Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus):

      • Appearance: Large, spongy white mass with soft spines.
      • Habitat: Found in hardwood logs, edible.
    • Bird’s Nest (Cyathus striatus):

      • Size: 1/4 – 3/8” vase-shaped fruiting body.
      • Habitat: Moist shaded areas, not edible.
    • Yellow Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius):

      • Size: 1-3” cap, yellowish to gold.
      • Habitat: Grows near oaks; edible.
    • Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea):

      • Size: Up to 2 feet across; white to greyish.
      • Habitat: Common in lawns; edible when completely white inside.
    • Green-Gilled Lepiota (Chlorophyllum molybdites):

      • Size: 2 – 12” wide cap.
      • Habitat: Forms fairy rings; very poisonous.
    • Indigo Milk Cap (Lactarius indigo):

      • Size: 2-4” cap; bleeds blue liquid when cut.
      • Habitat: Mixed woodlands; edible.
    • Jack-O-Lantern (Omphalotus illudens):

      • Size: Pumpkin orange cap; glows in the dark.
      • Habitat: Very poisonous, has bioluminescent gills.
    • Rounded Earthstar (Geastrum saccatum):

      • Size: 1/4 – 1” wide, star-shaped rays.
      • Habitat: Grows on humus; not edible.
    • Shaggy Mane (Coprinus comatus):

      • Size: 2-3” tall, columnar when mature.
      • Habitat: Grassy areas; edible if collected fresh.
    • Split-Gill (Schizophyllum commune):

      • Appearance: Small, white, hairy caps.
      • Habitat: Dead branches and logs; not recommended for consumption.
    • Spotted Bolete (Boletus affinis):

      • Appearance: Red-brown cap with yellow pores.
      • Habitat: Deciduous forests; considered edible.
    • Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus):

      • Appearance: Fan-shaped, orange/red to sulfur yellow.
      • Habitat: Grows on dead/dying trees; edible, also called Chicken Mushroom.

    Fungal Reproduction and Lifecycle

    • Young basidium contains two distinct nuclei that fuse and undergo division resulting in four nuclei.
    • Four nuclei migrate into basidiospores at the tips of basidia.
    • Released basidiospores germinate to form hyphae.
    • Hyphae from different nuclei types can fuse to form mycelium with both types of nuclei.
    • Mycelium growth leads to nuclei division ensuring each new cell retains its original type.
    • As conditions become favorable, a button mushroom develops, progressing through stages to a mature mushroom, completing the life cycle.

    Species Descriptions of Fungi

    • Stalked Scarlet Cup (Sarcoscypha occidentalis):

      • Cap size: ¼ - 5/8”, tiny red cup on a white stalk (3/8 - 1 ¼”).
      • Habitat: Found on wet sticks and branches in damp deciduous woods during spring/early summer.
      • Not edible, has spores in the lining of the cup.
    • Yellow Morel (Morchella esculenta):

      • Size: Typically 7-15 cm tall; honeycomb cap; completely hollow.
      • Habitat: Grows near dead Elm, Cottonwood, apple trees, and old fruit trees from early April to early May.
      • Edible; caution against false morels that lack a hollow structure.
    • Crown-Tipped Coral (Artomyces pyxidatus):

      • No cap; features coral-like branches, yellow-tan color with crown-like tips.
      • Habitat: Grows on dead wood of deciduous trees in summer.
      • Edible with a peppery taste.
    • Dryad’s Saddle (Polyporus squamosus):

      • Circular to fan-shaped cap covered with dark brown scales.
      • Habitat: Grows on living or dead deciduous wood, reappears annually.
      • Edible with a watermelon taste when raw.
    • Elegant Stinkhorn (Mutinus elegans):

      • Long pinkish-orange column with a greenish-brown slime at the top.
      • Habitat: Found in mulched areas and rotting wood from July to September.
      • Edible when immature but caution advised due to look-alikes.
    • Emetic Russula (Russula emetica):

      • Bright red cushioned cap, brittle flesh.
      • Habitat: Grows in mixed woods from July to October.
      • Poisonous; can cause severe gastrointestinal distress.
    • Fawn or Deer Mushroom (Pluteus cervinus):

      • Brownish gray cap with darker fibers, smooth texture.
      • Habitat: Grows on dead wood or buried wood from May to October.
      • Edible with caution; resembles toxic varieties.
    • Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea):

      • Massive, spherical shape, can grow up to 2 feet across.
      • Habitat: Common in lawns and woodlands from August to October.
      • Edible when completely white inside; green/yellow indicates potential toxicity.
    • Green-Gilled Lepiota (Chlorophyllum molybdites):

      • Large white cap with cream-colored scales, 2-12” wide.
      • Habitat: Grows in fairy rings in lawns and meadows during summer/fall.
      • Poisonous; can cause severe illness.
    • Indigo Milk Cap (Lactarius indigo):

      • Medium size, light blue cap that bleeds blue liquid when cut.
      • Habitat: Found in mixed woodlands from early summer to fall.
      • Edible.
    • Jack-O-Lantern (Omphalotus illudens):

      • Pumpkin orange cap, bioluminescent gills.
      • Conservation recommendation: Manage natural areas to protect mushroom populations, continue species research, and develop habitat findings.

    General Mushroom Facts

    • Ancient Greeks believed mushrooms emerged from Zeus’s lightning after storms.
    • Approximately 1.5 million fungi species are estimated to exist, with around 80,000 described.
    • The largest organism on Earth is a honey mushroom in Oregon, covering over 3.5 miles.
    • A giant puffball can produce over 7 trillion spores.
    • To observe spores, create a spore print by placing a mushroom cap on paper and covering it.

    Mycology Terminology

    • Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms lacking chloroplasts, characterized by chitin in cell walls.
    • Mycelium: A mass of hyphae, the vegetative part of a fungus.
    • Hypha: Filamentous structures that make up mycelium.
    • Fruiting Body: Structures that bear spores.
    • Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots.
    • Mycophagist: A person who eats fungi.
    • Mycologist: A person studying mycology.

    Introduction to Mushrooms

    • Mushrooms belong to the Kingdom Fungi, which is diverse and extensive, second to insects in species quantity.
    • Over 10,000 mushroom species exist in the United States, with at least 2,000 in Illinois.
    • The study of fungi is known as mycology, and researchers are called mycologists.
    • Fungi play critical roles in ecosystems, aiding in nutrient recycling and forming beneficial mycorrhizal relationships with plants.

    Mycorrhizae and Ecological Roles

    • Mycorrhizae involve a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, enhancing plant growth and nutrient absorption.
    • Fungi can be destructive pathogens but also beneficial, enabling plants to thrive in adverse conditions.

    Mushroom Anatomy and Definitions

    • "Mushroom" refers to various fungi with large, visible fruiting bodies including species like boletes, chanterelles, and more.
    • There is a risk of misidentifying edible and toxic mushrooms due to their visual similarities.

    Species Overview

    • Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus): Edible with a spongy, white mass covered with spines; found on hardwoods.
    • Bird’s Nest (Cyathus striatus): Not edible; vase-shaped with dark lines and gray to black "eggs" containing spores; grows in moist, shaded areas.
    • Yellow Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius): Edible; has a trumpet shape, yellowish-orange color, and grows around oak trees after rains.
    • Rounded Earthstar (Geastrum saccatum): Not edible; star-shaped structure with a split outer layer; found on humus in late summer.
    • Shaggy Mane (Coprinus comatus): Edible when young; transforms into a liquid spore mass when mature; prefers grassy and disturbed areas.
    • Split-Gill (Schizophyllum commune): Small, white, and fan-shaped; not recommended for consumption.
    • Spotted Bolete (Boletus affinis): Edible; contains yellow tubes beneath its red-brown cap; found in deciduous forests.
    • Sulfur-Colored Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus): Edible; fan-shaped, bright sulfur yellow beneath; typically found on dead trees.
    • Turkey Tail Fungus (Trametes versicolor): Edible/medicinal; known for multicolored brackets; used in traditional medicine.
    • Wood Ear (Auricularia auricula): Edible; wrinkled, gelatinous texture; commonly used in Asian cuisine.
    • Yellow-Orange Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria variety formosa): Not edible; poisonous and hallucinogenic with a distinctive cap covered in white warts.

    Conservation Concerns

    • Mushroom populations, especially in forested areas of Illinois, are declining due to habitat degradation from urbanization and agriculture.

    Terminology

    • Fruiting Body: Spore-bearing structure of fungi.
    • Hyphae: Filamentous structures composing mycelium.
    • Mycorrhizae: Fungal roots enhancing plant nutrient uptake.
    • Mycophagist: Individual who consumes fungi.
    • Volva: Basal structure of a universal veil at the stipe's lower part.
    • Pathogen: Organism causing disease.

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