Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a key characteristic of quadrupedal standing compared to bipedal standing?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of quadrupedal standing compared to bipedal standing?
- Active use of limbs at many joints (correct)
- Energy efficiency
- Smaller base of support
- Reliance on ligaments for stability
During bipedal standing, the line of gravity passing posterior to the hip joint promotes hip flexion.
During bipedal standing, the line of gravity passing posterior to the hip joint promotes hip flexion.
False (B)
In bipedal standing, what anatomical feature primarily contributes to energy efficiency at the hip joint?
In bipedal standing, what anatomical feature primarily contributes to energy efficiency at the hip joint?
- Cartilage composition
- The position of the fibula relative to the femur
- Tight ligaments that lock the joint (correct)
- The orientation of muscles around the joint
In bipedal standing, the line of gravity passes ______ to the knee joint, promoting extension.
In bipedal standing, the line of gravity passes ______ to the knee joint, promoting extension.
Why is the ankle joint different from the hip and knee during bipedal standing?
Why is the ankle joint different from the hip and knee during bipedal standing?
The gait cycle is solely composed of alternating stance and swing phases, with no transitional phases involved.
The gait cycle is solely composed of alternating stance and swing phases, with no transitional phases involved.
What is the primary role of the tibialis anterior during the initial contact (heel strike) phase of the gait cycle?
What is the primary role of the tibialis anterior during the initial contact (heel strike) phase of the gait cycle?
During the mid-stance phase of the gait cycle, the hip continues to move into ______, with the gluteus maximus and hamstrings acting as agonists.
During the mid-stance phase of the gait cycle, the hip continues to move into ______, with the gluteus maximus and hamstrings acting as agonists.
During the late stance phase of the gait cycle, which muscle group primarily contributes to propulsion via plantarflexion?
During the late stance phase of the gait cycle, which muscle group primarily contributes to propulsion via plantarflexion?
During the early swing phase, the gluteus maximus and hamstrings act as agonists to initiate hip flexion.
During the early swing phase, the gluteus maximus and hamstrings act as agonists to initiate hip flexion.
In which phase of the gait cycle is the knee moving from flexion into extension to prepare for heel strike?
In which phase of the gait cycle is the knee moving from flexion into extension to prepare for heel strike?
The ______ muscle is the primary dorsiflexor of the ankle during the swing phase, allowing for toe clearance.
The ______ muscle is the primary dorsiflexor of the ankle during the swing phase, allowing for toe clearance.
Match the muscle group with its primary action during the stance phase of the gait cycle:
Match the muscle group with its primary action during the stance phase of the gait cycle:
Which anatomical solution allows bipedal standing to be achieved with very little muscular support, primarily at the ankle joint?
Which anatomical solution allows bipedal standing to be achieved with very little muscular support, primarily at the ankle joint?
During bipedal standing, ligaments and joint orientation enable energy-efficient posture maintenance in the hip and knee, but not the ankle.
During bipedal standing, ligaments and joint orientation enable energy-efficient posture maintenance in the hip and knee, but not the ankle.
In the context of muscle roles, what action does gravity perform when it assists a movement?
In the context of muscle roles, what action does gravity perform when it assists a movement?
The iliofemoral ligament becomes ______ during hip extension, providing stability and preventing hyperextension.
The iliofemoral ligament becomes ______ during hip extension, providing stability and preventing hyperextension.
Why is joint locking important during bipedal posture?
Why is joint locking important during bipedal posture?
During normal bipedal gait, both limbs are in the swing phase simultaneously in each portion of the gait cycle.
During normal bipedal gait, both limbs are in the swing phase simultaneously in each portion of the gait cycle.
The stance phase of gait is characterized primarily by:
The stance phase of gait is characterized primarily by:
Which of the following occurs at the ankle during the transition from late stance to toe-off?
Which of the following occurs at the ankle during the transition from late stance to toe-off?
Muscle snapshots during phases of the gait cycle, are always consistent and do not vary.
Muscle snapshots during phases of the gait cycle, are always consistent and do not vary.
In early stance, what is the main agonist at the hip?.
In early stance, what is the main agonist at the hip?.
In the ankle, in early stance, the joint is dorsiflexion and is stable with __________ bony congruence, but moving into plantarfexion.
In the ankle, in early stance, the joint is dorsiflexion and is stable with __________ bony congruence, but moving into plantarfexion.
What is the function of tibialis anterior, in early stance?
What is the function of tibialis anterior, in early stance?
In midstance, agonists at the knee are hamstrings & gastrocnemius for moving from extension into slight flexion
In midstance, agonists at the knee are hamstrings & gastrocnemius for moving from extension into slight flexion
At the ankle during late stance, what is the function of the triceps surae?
At the ankle during late stance, what is the function of the triceps surae?
During the early swing phase to move into flexion, the hip is in ______.
During the early swing phase to move into flexion, the hip is in ______.
What muscle controls the rate of swing at the hip in the swing phase?
What muscle controls the rate of swing at the hip in the swing phase?
For the knee in the early swing phase, it is in flexion to lift the foot from the ground due to hamstrings & gastrocnemius agonists.
For the knee in the early swing phase, it is in flexion to lift the foot from the ground due to hamstrings & gastrocnemius agonists.
In the ankle in the swing phase, what motion allows for the clearance of toes during swing?
In the ankle in the swing phase, what motion allows for the clearance of toes during swing?
During the late swing, to prepare for heel strike from flexion, the knee moves into ______.
During the late swing, to prepare for heel strike from flexion, the knee moves into ______.
What keeps the ankle stable in late swing?
What keeps the ankle stable in late swing?
Match the following Joint with it's early stance status:
Match the following Joint with it's early stance status:
What initiates hip flexion in the early swing phase of bipedal walking?
What initiates hip flexion in the early swing phase of bipedal walking?
In ______ the hip joint moves from extension but begins moving into flexion.
In ______ the hip joint moves from extension but begins moving into flexion.
What can gait not be?
What can gait not be?
In the leg, the ligaments are taut during bipedal standing.
In the leg, the ligaments are taut during bipedal standing.
What requires anatomical solutions for stability?
What requires anatomical solutions for stability?
The gait cycle has many phases which depends on how many depends on where you ______.
The gait cycle has many phases which depends on how many depends on where you ______.
What type of series of movements is the gait cycle?
What type of series of movements is the gait cycle?
In bipedal standing, if the line of gravity falls anterior to a joint, this 'pushes' the joint into which action?
In bipedal standing, if the line of gravity falls anterior to a joint, this 'pushes' the joint into which action?
During bipedal standing, the ankle joint is locked to conserve energy.
During bipedal standing, the ankle joint is locked to conserve energy.
During the early stance phase of the gait cycle, what muscle group acts as the antagonist to control the rate of foot drop to the ground?
During the early stance phase of the gait cycle, what muscle group acts as the antagonist to control the rate of foot drop to the ground?
In the late swing phase of the gait cycle, the ankle is in ______ for the most stable joint position for heel strike.
In the late swing phase of the gait cycle, the ankle is in ______ for the most stable joint position for heel strike.
Match each phase of the gait cycle with the primary muscle action occurring at the hip during that phase:
Match each phase of the gait cycle with the primary muscle action occurring at the hip during that phase:
Flashcards
Bipedal Stance
Bipedal Stance
Having a relatively small area of contact with the ground while standing.
Quadrupedal Stance
Quadrupedal Stance
A stance that uses a larger base of support and requires more active joint stabilization.
Agonists
Agonists
Muscles acting concentrically to produce movement.
Antagonists
Antagonists
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Stabilizers
Stabilizers
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Line of Gravity
Line of Gravity
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Hip in Extension
Hip in Extension
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Hip in Flexion
Hip in Flexion
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Gait Cycle
Gait Cycle
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Gait Cycle Phases
Gait Cycle Phases
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Stance Phase
Stance Phase
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Swing Phase
Swing Phase
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Hip Muscles in Early Stance
Hip Muscles in Early Stance
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Knee Stabilizers in Early Stance
Knee Stabilizers in Early Stance
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Ankle Muscles in Early Stance
Ankle Muscles in Early Stance
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Hip Muscles in Mid Stance
Hip Muscles in Mid Stance
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Knee Muscles in Mid Stance
Knee Muscles in Mid Stance
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Ankle Muscle in Mid Stance
Ankle Muscle in Mid Stance
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Hip Muscles in Late Stance
Hip Muscles in Late Stance
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Knee in Late Stance
Knee in Late Stance
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Ankle Muscle in Late Stance
Ankle Muscle in Late Stance
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Hip Muscles in Early Swing
Hip Muscles in Early Swing
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Knee Muscles in Early Swing
Knee Muscles in Early Swing
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Ankle Muscle in Early Swing
Ankle Muscle in Early Swing
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hip Muscles in Mid Swing
hip Muscles in Mid Swing
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knee Muscles in Mid Swing
knee Muscles in Mid Swing
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ankle Muscles in Mid Swing
ankle Muscles in Mid Swing
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Hip Muscles in Late Swing
Hip Muscles in Late Swing
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Knee Muscles in Late Swing
Knee Muscles in Late Swing
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ankle Muscles in Late Swing
ankle Muscles in Late Swing
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Study Notes
- The material prepares for and assists with note-taking, but should not replace lectures.
- Material may differ slightly from live lectures.
Lecture 11: Musculoskeletal System - Complex Movements (Standing and Gait)
- Delivered by Dr. Rebecca Bird, Department of Anatomy.
Lecture Objectives
- Describe anatomical features of the lower limb for standing with minimal energy.
- Define the phases of the gait cycle.
- Understand the sequence of muscle activity during the gait cycle.
Quadrupedal Standing
- Relies on a base of support.
- Limbs are active at many joints.
- Requires significant energy.
Bipedal Standing
- Uses a relatively small area of contact with the ground.
- Utilizes the plantar surface of feet.
- It is energy efficient.
Recap of Muscle Roles
- Agonists act concentrically.
- Antagonists act eccentrically.
- Stabilizers act isometrically.
- Gravity can act as either an agonist or an antagonist.
Line of Gravity
- Maintaining a stable, upright stance requires anatomical solutions.
- Requires energy efficiency.
Bipedal Standing - Hip
- The line of gravity is posterior to the joint.
- The line of gravity 'pushes' the joint into extension.
- Ligaments are tight, the joint is locked, and no energy is spent.
Capsular Ligaments of the Hip
- Hip flexion causes laxity anteriorly and tautness posteriorly.
- Hip extension results in tautness anteriorly and laxity posteriorly.
Bipedal Standing - Knee
- The line of gravity is anterior to the joint.
- The line of gravity pushes into extension.
- Ligaments are tight, the joint is locked, and no energy is spent.
Bipedal Standing - Ankle
- The line of gravity is anterior to the joint.
- The line of gravity 'pushes' into dorsiflexion.
- The joint is not locked.
- Plantarflexors are needed to stabilize it, and energy is consumed.
Bipedal Standing Recap
- Standing is unique to humans.
- Feet form the base of support, but are insufficient as a sole balance option.
- Special anatomical features at joints assist with balance.
- Standing is achieved with very little muscular support, primarily at the ankle joint.
True or False
- The line of gravity falls posterior to the knee (False).
- Dorsiflexors stabilize the ankle during upright standing (False).
- The agonists of hip flexion are iliopsoas and rectus femoris (True).
Bipedal Walking
- It is a learned movement strategy with a characteristic gait.
- The basic pattern equals the gait cycle.
- It involves a complex series of movements like stance and swing.
- Transition phases exist between stance and swing, including heel strike and toe-off.
The Gait Cycle
- Complex and dynamic, involving many movements and muscles.
- Focus on flexion and extension using previously learned muscles.
- Many phases depend on the perspective.
- There are 6 key parts in this lesson.
- Images present 'snapshots' in time, but the cycle is continuous.
- Joints may be in one position, muscle action indicates where joints should end up.
- Muscle roles must be understood, and practiced while thinking about their function.
Gait Phases
- The gait cycle includes the swing and stance phases.
- There are double stance phases as well.
Early Stance (Includes Heel Strike)
Hip
- There is flexion, moving into extension.
- Agonists include gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
Knee
- There is extension, locked for stability.
- Stabilizers include quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius.
Ankle
- There is dorsiflexion, which is stable with the best bony congruence, but moving into plantarflexion.
- The agonist is the triceps surae.
- The antagonist is the tibialis anterior needed to control foot drop to the ground.
Mid Stance
Hip
- Continues moving into extension.
- Agonists include gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
Knee
- Moves from extension into slight flexion.
- Agonists include hamstrings and gastrocnemius.
Ankle
- Continues to move into plantarflexion.
- The agonist is the triceps surae.
Late Stance (Includes Toe Off)
Hip
- There is extension.
- Agonists include gluteus maximus and hamstrings
Knee
- There is extension due to body position.
- Hamstrings and gastrocnemius are contracting preparing for the next movement.
Ankle
- There is full plantarflexion.
- The agonist is the triceps surae, which is strong for propulsion.
Early Swing
Hip
- There is extension, moving into flexion.
- Agonists include iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
- Antagonists include gluteus maximus and hamstrings, which control the rate of swing.
Knee
- There is flexion to lift the foot off the ground.
- Agonists include hamstrings and gastrocnemius.
Ankle
- There is dorsiflexion to allow clearance of toes during the swing.
- The agonist is the tibialis anterior.
Mid Swing
Hip
- There is flexion.
- Agonists include iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
- Antagonists include gluteus maximus and hamstrings to control the rate of swing.
Knee
- There is flexion to lift the foot off the ground.
- Agonists include hamstrings and gastrocnemius.
Ankle
- In dorsiflexion to allow clearance of toes during swing.
- The agonist is the tibialis anterior.
Late Swing
Hip
- There is flexion.
- Agonists include iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
Knee
- Moves from flexion into extension to prepare for the heel strike.
- Agonists include quadriceps femoris.
Ankle
- There is dorsiflexion for the most stable joint position for heel strike.
- The agonist is the tibialis anterior to pull into dorsiflexion.
- The stabilizer is the triceps surae to keep the ankle stable.
Tips for Learning the Gait Cycle
- Learn muscle position and action first.
- Remember each phase isn't a snapshot, but moving.
- How to transition from where the joint was to where it needs to be, including which muscles contract and what type of contraction is required.
- Practice walking and thinking about each joint.
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