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Questions and Answers
What is a primary symptom experienced in stage 2 of knee arthritis?
What is a primary symptom experienced in stage 2 of knee arthritis?
What treatment is NOT typically associated with stage 3 knee arthritis?
What treatment is NOT typically associated with stage 3 knee arthritis?
Which condition is characterized by the body attacking its own joints?
Which condition is characterized by the body attacking its own joints?
What is a common treatment for stage 4 knee arthritis?
What is a common treatment for stage 4 knee arthritis?
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In which stage does obvious erosion to the cartilage surface occur?
In which stage does obvious erosion to the cartilage surface occur?
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What typically happens to the gap between the bones in stage 4 knee arthritis?
What typically happens to the gap between the bones in stage 4 knee arthritis?
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What symptom is NOT commonly associated with stage 3 knee arthritis?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with stage 3 knee arthritis?
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What is a common characteristic of joint degradation in rheumatoid arthritis compared to osteoarthritis?
What is a common characteristic of joint degradation in rheumatoid arthritis compared to osteoarthritis?
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What role does the synovial membrane play in rheumatoid arthritis?
What role does the synovial membrane play in rheumatoid arthritis?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with gout?
Which symptom is commonly associated with gout?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gout?
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gout?
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What causes the chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia?
What causes the chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia?
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What is the recommended treatment approach for disuse atrophy?
What is the recommended treatment approach for disuse atrophy?
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Which condition is characterized by a loss of full passive range of motion?
Which condition is characterized by a loss of full passive range of motion?
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What term is used to describe the bone formation around a necrotic sequestrum?
What term is used to describe the bone formation around a necrotic sequestrum?
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What is a symptom of Dupuytren’s contracture?
What is a symptom of Dupuytren’s contracture?
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Which type of osteomyelitis is caused by a pathogen carried in the bloodstream?
Which type of osteomyelitis is caused by a pathogen carried in the bloodstream?
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What is a potential consequence of untreated disuse atrophy over time?
What is a potential consequence of untreated disuse atrophy over time?
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What can result from long-term osteoarthritis affecting the joint?
What can result from long-term osteoarthritis affecting the joint?
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Which of the following is a common early symptom of osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is a common early symptom of osteoarthritis?
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What characterizes the drainage tracts extending from the sequestrum to the skin in osteomyelitis?
What characterizes the drainage tracts extending from the sequestrum to the skin in osteomyelitis?
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Which of the following factors can lead to contiguous osteomyelitis?
Which of the following factors can lead to contiguous osteomyelitis?
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What happens to articular cartilage in osteoarthritis over time?
What happens to articular cartilage in osteoarthritis over time?
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Which stage of osteoarthritis is characterized by minor wear and tear?
Which stage of osteoarthritis is characterized by minor wear and tear?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a fracture?
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a fracture?
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What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis?
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Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to a compartment syndrome?
Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to a compartment syndrome?
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During which stage of bone healing does the hematoma formation occur?
During which stage of bone healing does the hematoma formation occur?
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What could cause a stress fracture?
What could cause a stress fracture?
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Which statement about rhabdomyolysis is true?
Which statement about rhabdomyolysis is true?
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Which stage involves the reabsorption of unnecessary callus in bone healing?
Which stage involves the reabsorption of unnecessary callus in bone healing?
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What type of injury is a sprain classified as?
What type of injury is a sprain classified as?
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Which of the following is NOT a common cause of dislocation?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of dislocation?
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Which factor is a common risk for osteomyelitis?
Which factor is a common risk for osteomyelitis?
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What is the goal of treatment for rhabdomyolysis?
What is the goal of treatment for rhabdomyolysis?
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In Paget’s disease, which statement best describes the bone changes?
In Paget’s disease, which statement best describes the bone changes?
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What is a common symptom of compartment syndrome?
What is a common symptom of compartment syndrome?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal System
-
Fractures:
- Trauma-related fractures (stress, osteoporosis, infection)
- Stress fractures are small cracks in bones, often caused by repetitive stress and overuse in runners and dancers.
- Greenstick fractures are common in children, where the bone bends but does not completely break.
- Types include transverse, oblique, displaced, greenstick, and comminuted.
- Symptoms can include swelling, pain, loss of function, deformity, crepitus, and bruising.
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Dislocations and Subluxations:
- Dislocations involve complete disruption of a joint; subluxations involve partial dislocation followed by relocation.
- Causes include developing joints (looser ligaments), trauma, muscular imbalances, and exercise-related issues.
- Symptoms may include joint instability or incongruities in joint surfaces
- Treatment of Fractures and Dislocations: Immobilization (rest, ice, compression, elevation) and ideally realignment of the bones/joint (closed reduction), or surgery (open reduction).
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Bone Healing:
- Bone healing stages include hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and bone remodeling.
- Healing typically takes 4-8 weeks, but factors such as health and osteoporosis may affect healing time.
- Direct healing-bone cortices are in contact with each other
Soft Tissue Injury
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Strain:
- Tears or stretches in muscles or tendons.
- Common in upper arm, legs, ankles, and heels.
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Sprain:
- Tears or damage to ligaments.
- Common in wrists, ankles, and knees.
- 3 degrees of injury range from stretched ligaments to complete tears.
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Rhabdomyolysis: Rapid breakdown of muscle tissue, release of intracellular content into the bloodstream.
- Causes include trauma, medication (antihistamine and salicylates), and excessive muscle contraction
- A serious complication that can lead to kidney failure (myoglobin precipitates in the tubules).
Compartment Syndrome
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Compartment Syndrome:
- Occurs when increased pressure within a compartment (muscle, blood vessels, and nerves) inhibits blood flow.
- Common causes include trauma (fractures, burns, or crush injuries), tight casts, or bandages
- Symptoms include pain, pallor, paresthesia, pressure, and pulselessness (6 P's).
- Treatment is urgent and may include fasciotomy (surgical incision to relieve pressure).
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis: chronic disease characterized by a decrease in bone density increasing risk of fractures.
- Causes include old bone resorption faster than new bone generation. This generally occurs in the primary form osteoporosis, but it is linked to hormone imbalances and secondary conditions
- Secondary causes include post-menopausal, parathyroid hormone and cortisol imbalances.
- Diagnosed with bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using X-ray.
- Risk factors include age, female gender, lack of physical activity, or certain medications (hormone replacement or corticosteroids).
Paget's Disease
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Paget's Disease:
- Characterized by localized abnormal and excessive bone remodeling (bone regeneration)
- Resulting in abnormal bone structure, and potential increase in bone fragility, and pain.
Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis:
- Infection of the bone, often caused by bacteria (staph aureus).
- Formation of biofilms, inflammatory response, and necrosis in surrounding tissue.
- Signs and symptoms (pain and swelling) will be localized to the infected area.
Osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of joints overtime.
- Mechanism Articular cartilage breaks down, leading to bone spurs and joint stiffness. Joint inflammation and reduced mobility.
- Symptoms Pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion in affected joints.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
-
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
- Autoimmune disease causing inflammation in joints.
- Affects synovial membrane first
- Inflammation often symmetrical and chronic
- Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and potential fatigue/fever.
- Treatment: focus on pain reduction, mobility maintenance, and prevention of further complications
Gout
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Gout:
- Type of arthritis causing inflammation in joints due to high uric acid levels.
- Deposition of urate crystals in the joints.
- Common causes include overproduction of uric acid or underexcretion by kidneys
- Symptoms Pain, redness, swelling, and inflammation.
Fibromyalgia
-
Fibromyalgia:
- Chronic pain syndrome characterized by generalized pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
- Mechanism Abnormally low serotonin levels leading to increased pain signals to the brain.
- Symptoms Chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances
Disuse Atrophy
- Cause: Muscle wasting due to inactivity, often caused by injury, disease, surgery, or immobilization.
- Symptoms: Weakness and reduction in muscle size affecting movement.
- Treatment: Regular activity, and stretching to minimize muscle loss, and potential compensatory exercises.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the musculoskeletal system, focusing on fractures and dislocations. This quiz covers different types of fractures, their symptoms, and the treatment approaches. Understand the conditions affecting bones and joints as well as their management.
