Musculoskeletal System Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of articular cartilage within the musculoskeletal system?

  • To produce red blood cells within joint cavities.
  • To provide structural support and rigidity to bones.
  • To facilitate the attachment of muscles to bones.
  • To cushion joints and minimize friction between bones. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system as described in the text?

  • Producing blood cells in the red bone marrow.
  • Protecting internal organs from physical damage.
  • Generating nerve impulses for muscle contraction. (correct)
  • Storing calcium for maintaining blood calcium levels.

What is the role of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?

  • To connect bones to other bones at joints.
  • To attach muscles to bones, enabling movement. (correct)
  • To transmit nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.
  • To enclose and protect individual muscles.

Which tissue is primarily responsible for generating body heat as a byproduct of its function?

<p>Skeletal muscle tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes?

<p>Mature bone cells found within the bone matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the nonliving matrix in bone tissue?

<p>A combination of calcium salts and collagen protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fasciae in the muscular system?

<p>To provide a protective and structural enclosure for individual muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides movement and heat production, what is another significant function of the muscular system mentioned in the text?

<p>Assisting in the return of blood from the legs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT primarily associated with the periosteum?

<p>Providing a surface for muscle attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

<p>Resorbing bone matrix to release calcium into the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is most critical for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine, directly impacting bone health?

<p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily promotes the retention of calcium in bones, counteracting the effects of parathyroid hormone?

<p>Calcitonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton primarily consists of bones that perform which function?

<p>Protecting and supporting internal organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characteristic of the sutures found in the skull?

<p>Synarthrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae articulate with the ribs in the thoracic cage?

<p>Thoracic vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of intervertebral discs located between vertebrae?

<p>To cushion vertebrae and permit spinal column movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the thoracic cage facilitates inhalation?

<p>Upward and outward movement of the ribs by intercostal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by being freely movable and is exemplified by most joints in the appendicular skeleton?

<p>Synovial joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bursae associated with synovial joints?

<p>To lessen friction between joint components and overlying tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In skeletal muscle, what is referred to as the 'origin' of a muscle?

<p>The more stationary attachment site of the muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a muscle that directly produces a desired movement?

<p>Agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional role of synergist muscles in relation to agonists?

<p>To assist the agonist in performing a specific action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initiation of voluntary skeletal muscle contraction originates in which part of the brain?

<p>Motor areas of the cerebral cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of myelography?

<p>For spine surgery revisions or when MRI or CT scans are not possible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a nuclear bone scan function?

<p>Through the injection of a radioisotope that accumulates in bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic information can an X-ray examination provide?

<p>Alignment and density of bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic technique is used for examining synovial joints?

<p>Arthrography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorders can ultrasound detect according to the context provided?

<p>Osteomyelitis and soft tissue disorders only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a possible cause for red streaks that are warm to touch on a patient's arm who had shoulder arthrocentesis?

<p>Thrombophlebitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal lab test finding indicates bone cancer?

<p>Increased alkaline phosphatase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication after arthroscopy that patients should be educated to report?

<p>Infection symptoms: fever, warmth, and redness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient shows altered sensation such as tingling post-surgery. What might this indicate?

<p>Neurovascular impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom should prompt immediate concern during postoperative care for an arthroscopy patient?

<p>Leg swelling with tenderness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pale palms or soles in a patient after musculoskeletal surgery?

<p>Manifestation of impaired circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal finding post-arthroscopy is likely due to inflammation or infection?

<p>Prolonged capillary refill (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to find during the assessment of a patient with compartment syndrome?

<p>Swelling and tight, shiny skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not typically a complication following bone or muscle biopsy?

<p>Increased muscle strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurovascular check would indicate a potential complication in a post-arthroscopy patient?

<p>Pallor and cold extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient report increased joint pain after arthroscopy?

<p>If the pain increases and is not relieved by medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increase in serum myoglobin levels?

<p>Skeletal muscle destruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory test can be indicative of Paget disease when elevated?

<p>Alkaline phosphatase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be a symptom of infection in a postoperative musculoskeletal patient?

<p>Unusual coolness of the affected limb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically guides the treatment plan in the case of a skeletal abnormality?

<p>X-rays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum in the human body?

<p>Coordinating voluntary movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for movement in several planes and is found in the thumb?

<p>Saddle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction?

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes significantly to the loss of calcium in bones with age?

<p>Loss of estrogen post-menopause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of musculoskeletal data collection includes assessing posture and gait?

<p>Physical examination inspection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>It stimulates sarcolemma receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of weight-bearing exercise on bone health in post-menopausal women?

<p>It stimulates bone matrix deposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect muscle strength and what can mitigate this effect?

<p>Regular exercise maintains muscle strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle has increased work to do, how does it respond?

<p>By contracting more muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joints are common between the vertebrae?

<p>Symphysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in muscle contraction at the molecular level?

<p>It exposes attachment points on actin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bilateral muscle strength evaluation in musculoskeletal examination?

<p>It checks for muscle strength and equality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type allows rotation and is located in the neck?

<p>Pivot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the T tubules in muscle contraction?

<p>To conduct impulses to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the psychological aspect of musculoskeletal disorders addressed in patient care?

<p>Through consultation with social work and support groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the blood?

<p>Bone damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood related?

<p>They have an inverse relationship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is indicative of muscle injury when found elevated in the bloodstream?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by dangerous levels of muscle destruction?

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an arthrocentesis procedure?

<p>To aspirate synovial fluid from a joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a high myoglobin level likely be found?

<p>Immediately following skeletal muscle injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic marker is monitored in cases of rhabdomyolysis?

<p>Creatine kinase (CK) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from elevated serum uric acid levels?

<p>Gout (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what reason might a health professional administer antibiotics during arthrocentesis?

<p>To reduce risk of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Geographic location with limited sunlight exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the enzyme creatine kinase indicate muscle damage?

<p>It increases significantly in muscle damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with rhabdomyolysis?

<p>Increased urination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data is important to collect from musculoskeletal patients to prevent allergies?

<p>Allergy history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator suggests muscle enzyme release following trauma?

<p>Increased skeletal muscle creatine kinase (CK-MM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a localized buildup of synovial fluid in a joint indicate?

<p>Non-inflammatory conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'hot spot' on a bone scan indicate?

<p>Bone disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses sound waves to detect osteomyelitis?

<p>Ultrasonography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests involves injecting a contrast medium into a synovial joint?

<p>Arthrogram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mrs. Gardenio requires morphine delivered intramuscularly at a dose of 4 mg. If the available morphine concentration is 5 mg/mL, how many milliliters should be administered?

<p>0.8 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After Mrs. Gardenio's hip surgery, which team member is NOT typically part of the post-operative care team?

<p>Obstetrician (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common follow-up advice should be given to patients after an arthrogram?

<p>Elevate the limb and use ice to reduce swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is NOT directly part of the skeletal system structure?

<p>Muscle tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the decline in muscle strength as people age?

<p>Decreased protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebellum related to movement?

<p>Coordination of voluntary movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of removing synovial fluid during an arthrocentesis?

<p>To reduce swelling in the joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is primarily used to assess bone density?

<p>Bone density scan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After how many years do weight-bearing joints most commonly experience damage?

<p>Many years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored closely if a home health nurse identifies a patient as at risk for falls?

<p>Patient's standing balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT typically observed during a musculoskeletal data collection?

<p>Tendon reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is performed to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders?

<p>Myoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method uses electromagnets for visualization?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for using myelography?

<p>Patients unable to have a CT scan or MRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bone density scan?

<p>Measure bone strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored after an invasive arthrography procedure?

<p>Joint swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is crucial to verify before performing a nuclear medicine scan?

<p>Removal of jewelry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging method requires patients to avoid lotions before the procedure?

<p>Electromyography (EMG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In arthrocentesis, what might be analyzed from the withdrawn synovial fluid?

<p>Infection indicators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gallium in gallium/thallium scans?

<p>Concentrate in tumor areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not an effect of a positive electromyography (EMG) result?

<p>Determining bone structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ultrasound in diagnostic imaging?

<p>Visualize bone and soft tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an arthroscopy primarily used for?

<p>Direct visualization of a joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is checked before an MRI regarding patient implants?

<p>MRI safety designation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is injected in nuclear medicine scans?

<p>Radioisotope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is joint abnormality diagnosed in invasive arthrography?

<p>X-ray with air or contrast medium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done immediately after a myelogram?

<p>Monitor for headache and nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System

The system formed by the skeletal and muscular systems to enable body movement.

Skeleton

The framework of the body that supports and protects organs.

Muscle Contraction

The process where muscles shorten to change the angle of a joint.

Nerve Impulses

Electrochemical signals required for voluntary muscles to contract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Tissue

Tissue composed of osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osteons

The dense structural arrangements of osteocytes in compact bone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Red Bone Marrow

Hematopoietic tissue found in flat and irregular bones, responsible for blood formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium Homeostasis

The balance of calcium levels in the blood, crucial for various bodily functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compact Bone

Forms the diaphyses and covers spongy bone in long bones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Periosteum

Connective tissue covering all outer surfaces of bones except at joints.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osteoblast

Cells that produce bone matrix during growth and repair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osteoclast

Cells that resorb bone matrix when calcium is needed in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vitamin D

Essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormone that increases mitosis and protein synthesis for growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axial Skeleton

Includes flat or irregular bones plus the vertebral column.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vertebral Column

Made of 33 vertebrae, protects the spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thoracic Cage

Protects the heart and lungs; consists of ribs and sternum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints characterized by synovial fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agonist Muscle

The muscle that causes a specific movement when it contracts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antagonist Muscle

Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Nerves

Nerve endings that innervate skeletal muscles for contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tendons

Fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscle Tone

State of slight contraction in muscles, essential for posture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuromuscular Junction

Synapse where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fiber.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle that releases calcium ions during muscle contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium's Role in Muscles

Calcium binds to troponin, allowing muscle contraction to occur.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones in joints.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones lose density and strength, often due to age.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weight-Bearing Exercise

Physical activities that promote bone density by supporting body weight.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Range of Motion (ROM)

The degree of movement possible at a joint.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crepitation

Grating sound heard as joints or bones move, indicating possible issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscle Strength Assessment

Checking the power and balance of muscle contractions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspection in Physical Exam

Visual examination of posture, gait, and abnormalities in the musculoskeletal system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Troponin

Protein on the actin filament that interacts with calcium during muscle contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Support Systems

Networks that provide emotional and social assistance to patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myelography

A diagnostic imaging procedure for spine surgery candidates who can't have MRI or CT scans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electromyography

Measures a muscle's electrical impulses to diagnose nerve or muscle damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Bone Scan

A scan using a radioisotope to visualize the entire skeleton.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arthrogram

An x-ray examination of a synovial joint using contrast medium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ultrasound in Orthopedics

Detects bone infections, soft tissue disorders, and joint injuries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sedatives

Medications used to calm or induce sleep before procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analgesics

Drugs that relieve pain during or after procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hot spots

Areas on tests indicating increased circulation in abnormal bone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiographs

Imaging technique using X-rays to view bones and soft tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ultrasonography

Use of sound waves to detect muscle and joint issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone, often detected by ultrasonography.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Femoral neck fracture

A common type of hip fracture, especially in older adults.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morphine

A potent analgesic used for severe pain relief.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulse palpation

Feeling for a pulse to assess blood circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arthrocentesis

Procedure to aspirate fluid from a joint space.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone density scan

A test measuring the density of bones to assess strength.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CT scan

Imaging technique that creates detailed images of bones and joints.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging used for detailed soft tissue assessment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Home health criteria

Conditions for Medicare patients to be considered homebound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Signs of infection after surgery

Symptoms indicating possible infection: redness, warmth, swelling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arthroscopy

A surgical procedure using a scope to examine a joint.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurovascular Checks

Monitoring movement, pain, sensation, and circulation of a limb.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capillary refill time

Time taken for color to return to a nailbed after pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elevated alkaline phosphatase

High levels indicate possible bone disease or new bone formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Creatine kinase increase

Elevated levels indicate cellular damage or muscle injury.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Normal calcium levels

Total calcium levels should be between 8.4-10.2 mg/dL.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Signs of compartment syndrome

Symptoms include pain, numbness, and swelling leading to muscle and nerve damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-operative activity restrictions

Limiting movement after surgery to prevent complications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone or muscle biopsy

Procedure to extract tissue for examination to check for diseases like cancer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuromuscular symptoms

Alterations in movement, sensation, or pain indicating possible damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

X-ray

Noninvasive imaging to view skeletal abnormalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Physical therapy after surgery

A treatment to regain strength and movement post-operatively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Symptoms of thrombophlebitis

Signs include warmth, redness, and swelling in limbs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NPO before tests

Nothing by mouth for 4 hours prior to certain procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contrast medium allergy

Reactions to iodine-based contrast dye differ from shellfish allergies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MRI function

Uses electromagnets to visualize bones, joints, and soft tissue irregularities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electromyography (EMG)

Tests electrical activity of muscles and nerves to diagnose issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Invasive arthrography

Injects air or contrast medium into a joint for x-ray imaging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myelogram

Visualizes the spine using a contrast medium for spinal issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear medicine scans

Involves radioisotope injection to visualize bone and soft tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bone Density Scan (DEXA)

Measures bone strength, used for diagnosing osteoporosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Imaging method for diagnosing joint or spinal column problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gallium/thallium scans

Radioactive elements injected to identify tumors and infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-procedural care

Actions taken after medical tests to ensure patient safety.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synovitis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane in a joint.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

An enzyme that increases with bone damage or disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inverse Relationship

When one variable increases, the other decreases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myoglobin

A protein in muscle that indicates muscle damage when elevated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rhabdomyolysis

Muscle breakdown that can lead to kidney failure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gout

A condition caused by high uric acid levels leading to joint pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Muscle Enzymes

Enzymes released into the bloodstream when muscle tissue is damaged.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium and Phosphorus Levels

The balance of these minerals affects bone health and disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Judgment in Data Collection

Focused data collection based on patient conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subjective Data

Information reported by the patient about their condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Objective Data

Observable and measurable health data collected by health professionals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Health History Questions

Questions asked to gather significant patient medical background.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Crucial for recovery in muscle injury cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fractured Hip Care

Focus on comfort and careful data collection in elderly patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Musculoskeletal System Overview

  • The skeletal and muscular systems work together to move the body.
  • Bones form a framework for muscles to attach to and move joints.
  • Movement relies on the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems for nerve impulses, blood supply, and oxygen.

Musculoskeletal System Tissues

  • Skeletal system tissues: bone, articular cartilage (cushions joints, reduces friction), and fibrous connective tissue (ligaments).
  • Muscular system tissues: skeletal muscle tissue and fibrous connective tissue (tendons, fasciae).

Skeletal System Functions Beyond Movement

  • Protection of internal organs: skull (brain), thoracic cage (heart & lungs).
  • Blood cell production in red bone marrow (flat and irregular bones, ends of long bones).
  • Calcium storage and resorption for blood calcium homeostasis.

Muscular System Functions

  • Movement and stabilization of the skeleton and heat production.
  • Maintaining normal body temperature via voluntary muscles.
  • Contribution to venous return in the legs through muscle compression.

Bone Tissue and Growth

  • Bone tissue: osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen.
  • Compact bone: densely structured osteons.
  • Spongy bone: irregularly structured, sponge-like.
  • Periosteum: connective tissue covering, crucial for protection, growth, repair, and blood supply.
  • Osteoblasts build bone, osteoclasts resorb bone.
  • Bone growth factors: nutrition (calcium, phosphorus, protein), hormones (growth hormone, thyroxine, insulin), and vitamins (D, A, C) are all essential.
  • Bone remodeling: constant removal and replacement of calcium and phosphate to maintain blood levels.
  • Parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones; calcitonin decreases calcium release.

Structure of the Skeleton

  • Adult skeleton: 206 bones, axial (central), and appendicular (limbs) divisions.
  • Axial bones: flat/irregular, contain red bone marrow.
  • Appendicular bones: mainly long, with a shaft (diaphysis) and ends (epiphyses).
  • Skull: cranial (8) and facial (14) bones, sutures.
  • Vertebral column: 33 vertebrae, supports trunk & head, protects spinal cord; intervertebral discs cushion and permit movement.
  • Thoracic cage (ribs & sternum): protects heart, lungs, and upper abdominal organs.
  • Synovial joints: freely movable, characterized by a joint capsule and synovial fluid, with bursae (fluid sacs) in many joints.

Muscle Structure and Arrangement

  • Muscle structure: thousands of skeletal muscle cells (fibers), with motor nerve endings.
  • Muscle contraction: shortening of fibers to move attached bones.
  • Muscle attachments: origin (stationary) and insertion (movable).
  • Agonist, antagonists, and synergists: muscle interactions for movement, balance, and control.

Nervous System Role

  • Skeletal muscles are voluntary, controlled by nerve impulses from motor areas of the frontal lobes.
  • Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements.
  • CNS regulates involuntary muscle tone (maintains posture, coordination).

Neuromuscular Junction

  • Neuromuscular junction: synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber.
  • Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter triggers muscle contraction.

Aging and Musculoskeletal System

  • Calcium levels in bones decrease, especially in postmenopausal women.
  • Bone matrix loss from estrogen & testosterone decreases
  • Wear and tear: cartilage wear from aging and activities, muscle strength decline due to protein synthesis.

Musculoskeletal System Data Collection

  • Health history: includes demographics, occupation & geographic location, prior history (allergies, medical issues), activities, risk factors, nutrition & family history.
  • Subjective: pain level, treatment & impact on daily life.
  • Psychosocial: impact on body image and self-esteem, coping strategies & support.
  • Objective: inspection, (posture, gait, deformities, joint & muscle observation), range of motion (ROM), muscle tone and palpation, and presence of any abnormalities.

Diagnostic Tests

  • Laboratory tests: alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, muscle enzymes, myoglobin, uric acid.
  • Diagnostic imaging: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, arthrography, ultrasonography.
  • Invasive procedures: arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, nerve conduction studies, myelography, bone or muscle biopsy, bone density scan.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser