Musculoskeletal System Overview

Musculoskeletal System

• Musculoskeletal refers to the combined system of muscles and skeleton.

Orthopedics

• A medical specialty focusing on preventing and correcting musculoskeletal system deformities and diseases, particularly of bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments.

Orthopedist

• A healthcare professional specializing in bone disorders and associated structures across all age groups.

Bone Structure

• Clavicle (collarbone): CF clavicul/o.
• Cranium (skull): CF crani/o.
• Costa (rib): CF cost/o.
• Scapula (shoulder blade): CF scapul/o.
• Sternum (breastbone): CF stern/o.
• Spine: CF rachi/o, spin/o, forms the backbone.
• Vertebrae: CF spondyl/o, vertebr/o, spinal bones of various types (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx).

Major Limbs and Connective Bones

• Humerus: CF humer/o, upper arm bone.
• Radius (forearm): CF radi/o.
• Ulna (forearm): CF uln/o.
• Carpals: CF carp/o, wrist bones.
• Metacarpals: CF metacarp/o, bones forming the hand.
• Phalanges: CF phalang/o, bones of fingers and toes.
• Femur: CF femor/o, thigh bone.
• Patella: CF patell/o, kneecap.
• Fibula and Tibia: CF fibul/o and tibi/o, lower leg bones.
• Tarsals: CF tars/o, ankle bones.
• Calcaneus: CF calcane/o, heel bone.
• Metatarsals: CF metatars/o, foot bones.

Common Conditions and Terms

• Rachiodynia / Rachiagia: pain in the spine.
• Spondylitis: inflammation of a vertebra.
• Intervertebral: located between two adjacent vertebrae.
• Cerebrospinal fluid: clear fluid circulating in the brain and spinal cord.

Anatomy References

• Lumb/o: lower back.
• Lumbago: dull, aching pain in the lower back.

Rib and Joint Relations

• True ribs: first 7 pairs directly attach to the sternum; false ribs: 5 pairs do not.
• Intercostal: situated between the ribs.
• Sternocostal: relation between sternum and ribs.

Joint Types

• Synovial joints: have cavities for movement, contain synovial fluid (e.g., elbow, knee).
• Bursae: fluid-filled sacs reducing friction in joints.

Movement Terms

• Extension: action of straightening a limb.
• Flexion: action of bending a limb.

Tissue Types

• Osteoid: resembling bone.
• Calcification: process of tissue hardening due to calcium deposits.
• Osteomalacia: bone softening due to calcium loss.
• Osteomyelitis: bone inflammation often involving marrow.
• Chondral: pertaining to cartilage and its structures.

Terminology Components

• CF (Combining Form): indicates anatomical or pathological terms' roots.
• Prefixes like "de-" (down) and "meta-" (change or next) can alter meanings.
• Suffix "-sarcoma": indicating a malignant tumor in connective tissue.