Test 1 Adult Health musculoskeletal part 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an electromyogram (EMG)?

  • To assess electrical activity in muscles (correct)
  • To drain synovial fluid from joints
  • To measure bone density
  • To visualize bone structure using IV radioisotope

Which diagnostic tool requires a patient to be NPO prior to the procedure?

  • Myelogram
  • Dexa Scan
  • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan (correct)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

What position is particularly important during a myelogram procedure?

  • Prone position on a flat surface
  • Sitting upright without support
  • Position on a tilting table (correct)
  • Supine with legs elevated

What is a potential consequence of unrelieved positioning issues after surgery?

<p>Limb loss due to impairment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an early symptom associated with arterial impairment?

<p>Cool extremities and intermittent claudication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates rheumatoid arthritis from other forms of arthritis?

<p>It is an autoimmune disorder affecting synovial membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures involves a dye injection for visualization of joints?

<p>Arthrogram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from neglecting neurovascular assessments after surgery?

<p>Increased chance of limb impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bones in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Protecting internal organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of assessment includes questions about the client's ability to perform self-care activities?

<p>Subjective Assessments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Connecting muscle to bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Ps of musculoskeletal assessment?

<p>Posture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) indicate?

<p>Inflammation in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to assess for autoimmune disorders?

<p>Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with paralysis in the musculoskeletal assessment?

<p>Loss of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal calcium level in the body?

<p>9 to 10.5 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint symptoms are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Morning stiffness lasting 30 minutes or longer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is more frequently affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Women aged 30 to 60 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of inflammation is characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common diagnostic test for rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Anti-nuclear antibody test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of bone degradation in osteoarthritis?

<p>Loss of articular cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for acute gout attacks?

<p>Colchicine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change should be advised for someone with gouty arthritis?

<p>Avoid foods high in purines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the classic symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

<p>Back pain and stiffness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area does ankylosing spondylitis primarily manifest?

<p>Spine and sacroiliac joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from surgical interventions for osteoarthritis?

<p>Phlebitis and infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with gout?

<p>Aspirin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing interventions can alleviate stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Moist heat application (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Smoking with genetic predisposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and reports pain and stiffness, particularly in the morning. Which of the following conditions is most likely based on this information?

<p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a musculoskeletal assessment, a patient reports difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs) such as dressing and bathing. Which of the following subjective assessment findings is most likely contributing to this difficulty?

<p>Muscle Weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare professional is observing a patient perform a range of motion (ROM) assessment of the shoulder joint. The patient is asked to move the arm away from the midline of the body, then back towards the midline. Which of the following movements are being tested?

<p>Abduction and Adduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a suspected fracture. Which of the following diagnostic tests provides a comprehensive overview of blood cell counts, including red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets?

<p>Complete Blood Count (CBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient exhibits a significant decrease in range of motion (ROM) in the knee joint, with pain and swelling. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to cause this presentation?

<p>Osteoarthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with a rheumatoid factor (RF) level of 75 units/mL. Which of the following statements accurately reflects this finding?

<p>The patient's RF level is significantly elevated, strongly supporting the diagnosis of RA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would warrant the most immediate notification of the patient's healthcare provider?

<p>A patient with a fractured hip experiencing recurrent pain after the initial reduction procedure. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a suspected autoimmune disorder exhibits a positive Anti-CCP antibody test. What does this finding suggest?

<p>The patient is developing rheumatoid arthritis, as Anti-CCP antibodies are highly specific to this disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for performing an arthrocentesis on a patient with suspected rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>To assess the synovial fluid for signs of inflammation, such as increased white blood cell count. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of RA reports experiencing fatigue, muscle aches, and joint stiffness lasting longer than 6 weeks. These symptoms most likely indicate:

<p>An exacerbation phase of RA, requiring increased medication and management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions would be LEAST effective in managing a patient's morning stiffness associated with RA?

<p>Recommending a dietary change eliminating all red meat and dairy products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with RA asks about the potential long-term consequences of the condition. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate?

<p>With proper management, RA can be controlled, preventing further joint damage and maintaining functionality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with RA presents with increased fatigue, joint swelling, and pain. Which of the following laboratory tests is MOST likely to be ordered to assess the severity of RA inflammation?

<p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily characterized by the ossification of ligaments and can lead to kyphosis?

<p>Ankylosing Spondylitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is specifically utilized for inflammation in Ankylosing Spondylitis?

<p>Prednisone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial nursing intervention for a patient with rheumatoid arthritis experiencing fatigue?

<p>Implement planned activity with rest periods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of osteoarthritis, what primarily causes joint symptoms?

<p>Wear and tear on joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding is commonly elevated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis?

<p>Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is essential for managing the chronic condition of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercises are recommended for patients with ankylosing spondylitis to prevent complications?

<p>Swimming and walking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves the angle between two adjoining bones being decreased?

<p>Flexion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body?

<p>Abduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate inflammation levels in the body?

<p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term defines the movement of the hand and forearm that causes the palm to face downward or backward?

<p>Pronation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of red bone marrow in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Manufacture blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of musculoskeletal assessments, what does the term 'active ROM' refer to?

<p>The client performs the movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of movements describes dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

<p>Elevating the foot and directing it downward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

<p>No inflammation presence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is experiencing a flare-up of their symptoms. They report increased joint pain, inflammation, and difficulty performing daily activities. Which of the following diagnostic tests is most likely to be ordered to assess the severity of inflammation and monitor disease activity?

<p>Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a complaint of chronic pain and stiffness in their joints, particularly in the morning. They mention experiencing fatigue and a limited range of motion. Their blood test results indicate an elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and a positive rheumatoid factor (RF). Given this information, which of the following conditions is highly likely?

<p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been experiencing ongoing joint pain and stiffness, particularly in the morning. They are concerned about the potential long-term consequences of the condition. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the potential long-term effects of RA?

<p>RA can cause joint deformities and functional limitations, significantly affecting mobility and quality of life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a suspected autoimmune disorder presents with a positive Anti-CCP antibody test. What does this finding suggest?

<p>The presence of Anti-CCP antibodies is a strong indicator of rheumatoid arthritis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication arising from surgical interventions for osteoarthritis?

<p>Joint instability and further deterioration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a specific diagnostic finding that is highly indicative of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

<p>Positive rheumatoid factor (RF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom commonly associated with gout?

<p>Severe, sudden joint pain in the big toe, often occurring at night. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Bones provide support, protect vital organs, facilitate movement, store minerals, and help produce blood cells.

How do muscles connect to bones?

Tendons attach muscles to bones, allowing for movement through muscle contractions.

What is a subjective assessment in musculoskeletal assessment?

A subjective assessment gathers information directly from the patient about their ability to perform daily activities and any sensations they are experiencing. This can help identify potential musculoskeletal issues.

What is an objective assessment in musculoskeletal assessment?

An objective assessment involves physical examination of the patient, including aspects like their body alignment, symmetry, any swelling, pulse, skin color, and their ability to perform basic tasks. This provides concrete observations.

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What is range of motion (ROM) assessment?

Range of motion (ROM) assessments are used to evaluate a patient's flexibility and identify any restrictions in movement. It can be either active (performed by the patient) or passive (performed by a healthcare provider).

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What is muscle strength assessment?

Muscle strength assessment involves testing how strongly a patient can move specific body parts. This helps determine if there are any muscle weakness or imbalances.

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What does an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicates inflammation in the body. Normal values range from 0 to 15 mm/hr for males and 0 to 20 mm/hr for females.

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What is a complete blood count (CBC)?

The complete blood count (CBC) includes red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets. It provides comprehensive information about blood components.

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Arthroscopy

A minimally invasive surgical procedure performed under general or local anesthesia to visualize and treat issues inside a joint.

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Arthrocentesis

A procedure to drain synovial fluid from joints. It's used to diagnose joint infections or to relieve pressure.

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Arthrogram

A type of X-ray that uses a dye to create detailed images of the joint. This helps to identify problems like tears or loose cartilage.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A diagnostic imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It's useful for diagnosing various musculoskeletal disorders and conditions.

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Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A imaging test that uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body, similar to slices of a loaf of bread. It can be done with or without contrast dye.

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Electromyogram (EMG)

A test that measures the electrical activity in muscles. It helps diagnose muscle disorders or nerve damage.

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Bone Scan

A test that uses a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream to visualize bone structure. It's used to detect bone tumors, infections, or fractures.

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Dexa Scan (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

A diagnostic test that uses X-rays to measure bone density. It's used to assess the risk of osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation and pain.

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Exacerbations (RA)

Periods when rheumatoid arthritis symptoms are active and worsen.

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Remission (RA)

Periods when rheumatoid arthritis symptoms lessen or disappear.

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Ankylosing Spondylitis

A chronic, progressive rheumatic disorder primarily affecting the spine.

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Ankylosis

A common symptom of ankylosing spondylitis, indicating a fusion of the spine.

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Osteoarthritis

A non-inflammatory disorder that affects the joints, causing pain and stiffness due to cartilage breakdown.

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Gouty Arthritis

A type of arthritis caused by an accumulation of uric acid in the blood, leading to inflammation in joints.

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Synovitis

A joint condition associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, characterized by swelling and tenderness in the joints.

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Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Elevated levels of this marker are associated with an increase in blood viscosity.

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Elevated Rheumatoid Factor

A laboratory test used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis, indicating the presence of antibodies that attack the body's own tissue.

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Anti-CCP antibody test

A laboratory test used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis, indicating the presence of specific antibodies.

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Anti-nuclear antibody test

A laboratory test used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis, indicating the presence of antibodies that attack the nucleus of cells.

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Elevated Uric Acid Level

A laboratory test used to diagnose gouty arthritis, indicating an accumulation of uric acid in the blood.

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Tophi

Deposits of uric acid that can form in joints, kidneys, and other tissues in people with gout.

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Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

Medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis by modifying the course of the disease and slowing its progression.

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Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

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Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body.

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Flexion

Decreases the angle between two bones.

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Extension

Increases the angle between two bones.

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Rotation

Bone rotates around its longitudinal axis.

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Hematocrit

A blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. It is used to detect anemia.

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Hemoglobin

A blood test that measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in your blood.

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Platelet Count

A blood test that measures the number of platelets in your blood. Platelets help your blood clot.

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Anemia

A condition where your body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to your tissues. It can be caused by iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, or other conditions.

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White Blood Cell Count

A blood test that measures the number of white blood cells in your blood. White blood cells help fight infection.

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Rheumatoid Factor

A blood test that measures the level of rheumatoid factor in your blood. Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that is often found in people with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Uric Acid Level

A blood test that measures the level of uric acid in your blood. Uric acid is a substance that is produced when your body breaks down purines, which are found in some foods.

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Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) Test

A blood test that is used to diagnose autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

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C-reactive protein (CRP)

A protein that increases in the blood during inflammation. It's often used to monitor inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A type of medication often used to manage pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

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Salicylates (aspirin)

A specific type of NSAID commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation. It's often prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis.

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Supination

Movement of the hand and forearm that causes the palm to face upward or forward.

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Dorsiflexion

Movement that causes the top of the foot to elevate or tilt upward.

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Plantar Flexion

Movement that causes the bottom of the foot to be directed downward.

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What is hematocrit?

A blood test that determines the percentage of red blood cells in your blood.

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What is hemoglobin?

A blood test that measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in your blood.

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What are platelets?

A blood test that measures the number of these tiny cells that help your blood clot.

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What is anemia?

A condition where the red blood cell count is low.

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What is a white blood cell count?

A blood test that measures the number of white blood cells in your blood.

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What is Rheumatoid Factor?

A blood test that measures the level of this antibody, often elevated in rheumatoid arthritis.

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What is Uric Acid?

Elevated levels in the blood are a sign of gout.

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What is Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA)?

A test used to diagnose autoimmune disorders like lupus, often elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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What is arthroscopy?

A minimally invasive procedure used to visualize and treat joint problems.

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What is a bone scan?

A bone scan uses a radioactive substance to visualize bone structure, detecting metastatic and inflammatory bone disease.

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Study Notes

Musculoskeletal System Review

  • Functions as the body's structural framework, primarily composed of bones.
  • Bones protect internal organs.
  • Bones facilitate muscle movement.
  • Bones store calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
  • Bone marrow (specifically red bone marrow) produces blood cells.
  • Muscles connect to bones via tendons.
  • Muscle contraction initiates movement.
  • Tendons attach muscles to bones.
  • Ligaments connect bone to bone.

Body Movements

  • Movement terms like abduction and adduction are crucial for understanding the chapter.
  • Abduction: Movement of an extremity away from the body's midline.
  • Adduction: Movement of an extremity toward the body's axis.
  • Extension: Increases the angle between two adjoining bones.
  • Flexion: Decreases the angle between two adjoining bones.
  • Rotation: Movement around a bone's longitudinal axis (e.g., shaking head "no").
  • Supination: Turns the palm upward or forward.
  • Pronation: Turns the palm downward or backward.
  • Dorsiflexion: Elevates the top of the foot.
  • Plantar flexion: Directs the bottom of the foot downward.

Musculoskeletal System Assessment

  • Subjective Assessments involve questions about self-care (e.g., bathing, dressing) and any numbness.
  • Objective Assessments evaluate body alignment, symmetry, edema (pitting/non-pitting, degree), pulses, skin color, and activities of daily living (ADLs).
  • Range of Motion (ROM) assessments prevent contractures; they are either active (client performs) or passive (healthcare provider performs).
  • Muscle Strength assessments evaluate bilateral strength equality using specific movements (squeezing fingers, pushing against hands).

The Five Ps of Musculoskeletal Assessment

  • Pain
  • Paresthesia (numbness, tingling)
  • Paralysis (loss of movement)
  • Pulse (check pulse distal to the affected area)
  • Pallor (pale skin color)

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is elevated with inflammation; normal values: 0-15 mm/hr in males and 0-20 mm/hr in females.
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets.
  • Hematocrit: 38%-48%
  • Hemoglobin: 12-18 g/100 mL
  • Platelets: 150,000-300,000
  • Low red blood cell count indicates anemia
  • Red blood cells: 4.5-6.0 million/mm³
  • Low white blood cell count indicates an immune system issue.
  • High white blood cell count indicates infection.
  • Normal white blood cell count: 5,000-10,000/mm³
  • Rheumatoid Factor is elevated in autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis); normal range is 40-60 units/mL.
  • Calcium levels: 9-10.5 mg/dL.
  • Phosphorus levels: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL.
  • Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) evaluates autoimmune disorders and diagnoses lupus; elevated levels are seen in some rheumatoid arthritis patients.
  • Uric Acid is elevated in gout; uric acid level in men: 2.1-8.5 mg/dL, women: 2.0-6.6 mg/dL
  • X-ray is used to diagnose fractures and tumors.
  • Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure (general/local anesthesia) for direct visualization.
  • Arthrocentesis drains synovial fluid from joints.
  • Arthrogram uses X-rays after dye injection to visualize joint details.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses a magnetic field to create detailed images.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan requires consent, NPO status, and may be performed with or without contrast.
  • Electromyogram (EMG) measures muscle electrical activity.
  • Bone Scan uses IV radioisotope to visualize bone structure; requires consent and post-procedure fluid intake to ensure dye uptake. Used for identifying metastatic and inflammatory bone disease.
  • Dexa Scan (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) measures bone density for osteoporosis.
  • Myelogram involves injecting radiopaque dye into the subarachnoid space (lumbar spine) to assess tumors, herniated discs, and infections; a tilting table helps maintain the correct position.

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Description

Explore the key components and functions of the musculoskeletal system, including bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Understand the significance of subjective and objective assessments in evaluating musculoskeletal health and body movements. This quiz covers essential concepts for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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