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Musculoskeletal Injuries
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Musculoskeletal Injuries

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of forces that can cause musculoskeletal injuries?

  • Pressure force
  • Indirect force (correct)
  • Direct force (correct)
  • Twisting force (correct)

    • Define a fracture.

    A fracture is a break or disruption in bone tissue.

    Open fractures refer to cases where the skin remains unbroken.

    False

    _______ occurs when a bone is placed from its normal position at a joint.

    <p>Dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Ligament = A fibrous band that holds bones together at a joint. Tendon = A fibrous band that attaches muscle to bone. Sprain = The partial or complete tearing or stretching of ligaments and other soft tissue structures at a joint. Fracture = A break or disruption in bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person should 'pop' a dislocated joint back into place without medical supervision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mnemonic for general care of musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>RICE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A strain is the excessive stretching and tearing of __________ fibers or tendons.

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the purposes of immobilizing an injury?

    <p>Lessen pain, prevent further damage to soft tissues, reduce the risk for severe bleeding, reduce the possibility of loss of circulation to the injured part, prevent closed fractures from becoming open fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you splint an injured part?

    <p>Only if you have to move the injured person without causing more pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do not apply a ______ pack to an open fracture to avoid putting pressure on the fracture site, instead place the ______ packs around the site to reduce the risk of making the injury worse.

    <p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each item with the correct definition:

    <p>Bone = Dense, hard tissue that forms the skeleton Dislocation = Displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint Muscle = Tissue that contracts and relaxes to create movement Joint = Structure formed where two or more bones meet Splint = Device used to keep body parts from moving Sprain = Injury that stretches and tears ligaments and other soft tissues at joints Skeletal muscles = Muscles that attach to bones Fracture = Broken bone Tendon = Fibrous band attaching muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of splints that a trained lay responder is likely to use?

    <p>Soft, rigid, anatomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of materials can be used to create a soft splint?

    <p>folded blankets, towels, pillows, triangular bandage (cravat)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sling is considered a type of soft splint.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomic splints use the person’s own body as a splint. For example, an injured arm can be splinted to the _____ .

    <p>chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the upper extremity bone with its corresponding description:

    <p>Clavicle = collarbone Scapula = shoulder blade Humerus = bone from shoulder to elbow Ulna = forearm bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you splint an upper arm injury if the elbow can be comfortably bent?

    <p>Place the upper extremity in a sling and binder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elbow injuries can cause permanent disability due to the presence of nerves and blood vessels passing through the elbow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial care recommended for a suspected femur fracture?

    <p>Do not move or straighten the injured area. Control any external bleeding with direct pressure and call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To care for a lower leg injury, do not move or straighten the injured area. Stabilize the injury in the position found. Do not forget that the ground acts as an adequate _____.

    <p>splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Could Sue have sustained a serious injury? Why or why not?

    <p>Yes, Sue could have sustained a serious injury because ankle and foot injuries are commonly caused by twisting forces that can result in fractures or dislocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What steps should you take to help Sue?

    <p>Stabilize the injured area in the position found, control any bleeding, apply a cold pack, minimize shock, and if necessary, use an anatomic splint or soft splint depending on the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with the correct definition:

    <p>Upper arm = The part of the upper extremity from the shoulder to the elbow Forearm = The part of the upper extremity from the elbow to the wrist Femur = The part of the lower extremity from the pelvis to the knee Lower leg = The part of the lower extremity from the knee to the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the most frequent cause of upper extremity injuries.

    <p>Falling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury does the person likely have based on the scenario provided?

    <p>The person likely has a fractured femur and a dislocated shoulder based on the symptoms described.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two specific signs and symptoms of a fractured femur.

    <p>Intense pain in the injured leg, inability to move the leg, and swelling are common signs and symptoms of a fractured femur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List three types of splints used to immobilize an extremity.

    <p>Rigid splints, anatomic splints, and soft splints are commonly used to immobilize injured extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you care for a man who has fallen down a steep flight of stairs and cannot move his arm?

    <p>Immobilize the arm in the position you found it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do after calling 9-1-1 for a child who has fallen onto her elbow and cannot move it?

    <p>Immobilize the elbow in the bent position to prevent further movement and potential aggravation of the injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the guidelines you should follow in applying a splint to immobilize your friend's lower leg injury after a fall from mountain biking.

    <p>Support the injured part, check for circulation, place the lower leg on a rigid splint, secure the splint with bandages, and recheck circulation to ensure proper blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Musculoskeletal Injuries

    Definition and Types of Injuries

    • Musculoskeletal injuries affect the muscles, bones, and joints
    • Four basic types of musculoskeletal injuries:
      • Fractures (breaks or disruptions in bone tissue)
      • Dislocations (placement of a bone out of its normal position at a joint)
      • Sprains (partial or complete tearing or stretching of ligaments and other tissues at a joint)
      • Strains (excessive stretching and tearing of muscle fibers or tendons)

    Causes of Musculoskeletal Injuries

    • Three basic causes of musculoskeletal injuries:
      • Direct force (impact at the point of injury, e.g., blunt or penetrating forces)
      • Indirect force (transmission of energy through the body, causing injury away from the point of impact)
      • Twisting force (rotating force, causing injury when one part of the body remains still while the rest of the body is twisted or turned)

    Fractures

    • Fractures can be open (skin broken) or closed (skin unbroken)
    • Open fractures are more serious due to risk of infection and blood loss
    • Fractures can be classified as:
      • Closed fractures (more common, skin unbroken)
      • Open fractures (more serious, skin broken)
      • Comminuted fractures (bone broken into multiple pieces)
      • Non-displaced fractures (bone broken but remains in place)
      • Displaced fractures (bone broken and moved out of place)

    Dislocations

    • Dislocations are usually more obvious than fractures
    • Dislocations can be chronic, making the joint prone to repeated dislocations
    • Dislocations can also cause:
      • Fractured bones
      • Bleeding and nerve damage
      • Pain and joint instability

    Sprains

    • Sprains are partial or complete tearing or stretching of ligaments and other tissues at a joint
    • Sprains can be mild, moderate, or severe
    • Mild sprains can heal quickly, while severe sprains can cause chronic joint instability
    • Sprains can also cause:
      • Fractured bones
      • Pain and joint instability
      • Re-injury

    Strains

    • Strains are excessive stretching and tearing of muscle fibers or tendons
    • Strains can be caused by:
      • Overexertion
      • Sudden or uncoordinated movement
    • Strains can cause:
      • Pain and muscle weakness
      • Chronic re-injury
      • Disabling injuries

    Checking for Musculoskeletal Injuries

    • Conduct a head-to-toe check for non-life-threatening conditions
    • Look for signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries, such as:
      • Deformity
      • Pain
      • Swelling and bruising
      • Abnormal lumps, ridges, or hollows
      • Inability to use the affected part normally
      • Bone fragments sticking out of a wound
      • Crepitus (grating sound or feeling)
      • Cold, numb, and tingling sensations

    General Care for Musculoskeletal Injuries

    • Primary goal is to prevent further injury and get medical attention
    • Immobilize the injured area to prevent further injury
    • Apply cold packs or ice to reduce swelling and pain
    • Monitor for signs and symptoms of shock and internal bleeding### Musculoskeletal Injuries
    • Musculoskeletal injuries can be detected by comparing the injured part with an uninjured part
    • Pain, swelling, and discoloration of the skin are common signs of musculoskeletal injuries
    • Swelling and discoloration are due to bleeding from damaged blood vessels and tissues
    • A person's inability to move or use an injured part may indicate a significant injury
    • Lack of sensation in the affected part can indicate serious injury or injury to another area

    Care for Musculoskeletal Injuries

    • A gentle, reassuring approach is important in caring for a person with muscle, bone, and joint injuries
    • Avoid moving the injured part of the person's body; keep the injured area stable in the position found
    • Call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number if:
      • There is obvious deformity
      • There is moderate or severe swelling and discoloration
      • Bones sound or feel like they are rubbing together
      • A snap or pop was heard or felt at the time of the injury
      • There is a fracture with an open wound at, or bone piercing through, the injury site
      • The injured person cannot move or use the affected part normally
      • The injured area is cold and numb
      • The injury involves the head, neck, or spine
      • The injured person has trouble breathing
      • The cause of the injury suggests that the injury may be severe

    RICE (Rest, Immobilize, Cold, and Elevate)

    • Rest: Avoid any movements or activities that cause pain
    • Immobilize:
      • Stabilize the injured part in the position found
      • Use a splint to immobilize the injury before moving the person
      • Reduce pain, prevent further damage to soft tissues, and reduce the risk of severe bleeding
    • Cold:
      • Helps reduce swelling and eases pain and discomfort
      • Use a cold pack or a bag of frozen vegetables
      • Leave a cold pack on the injured part for no longer than 20 minutes
    • Elevate:
      • Helps slow the flow of blood, reducing swelling
      • Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart

    Immobilizing Serious Extremity Injuries

    • Immobilize the injured part before moving the injured person or giving additional care
    • Use a splint to immobilize the injury
    • Types of splints:
      • Soft splints (e.g., folded blankets, towels, pillows, or a folded triangular bandage)
      • Rigid splints (e.g., padded boards, folded magazines or newspapers, or padded metal strips)
      • Anatomic splints (e.g., using the person's own body as a splint)

    Applying a Splint

    • Support the injured part in the position in which you find it
    • Check the body part that is on the other side of the injury for circulation before and after splinting
    • Apply the splint to immobilize the bones or joints both above and below an injured area
    • Cut off or remove any clothing around the injury site
    • Cover any bleeding or open wounds with sterile dressings and carefully bandage with minimal pressure before splinting### Upper Extremity Injuries
    • The upper extremity includes the bones of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
    • Common injuries to the upper extremity include:
      • Sprains
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
    • Falls are the most common cause of upper extremity injuries, often resulting from extending the arms to break a fall.

    Shoulder Injuries

    • The shoulder joint consists of three bones: the clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
    • Common shoulder injuries include:
      • Clavicle fractures
      • Scapula fractures
      • Dislocations
    • Clavicle fractures are more common in children than adults.
    • Signs and symptoms of a clavicle fracture include:
      • Pain in the shoulder area
      • Radiating pain down the upper extremity
      • Holding the arm against the chest to ease pain
    • Importance of immobilizing a fractured clavicle to prevent damage to major blood vessels and nerves.

    Upper Arm Injuries

    • The upper arm is the area between the shoulder and elbow.
    • The humerus is the largest bone in the arm.
    • Common upper arm injuries include:
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
    • Humerus fractures can cause:
      • Deformity
      • Pain
      • Inability to use the injured arm
    • Importance of not permitting the person to use the injured arm.

    Care for Upper Extremity Injuries

    • General principles:
      • Do not move or straighten the injured area.
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Control external bleeding with direct pressure.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.
    • Specific care for different types of upper extremity injuries:
      • Shoulder injuries: use a sling and binder, or a pillow under the arm.
      • Upper arm injuries: use a padded rigid splint, or a sling and binder.
      • Elbow injuries: use a sling and binder, or a rigid splint along the length of the arm.

    Elbow Injuries

    • The elbow joint is formed by the humerus and the two bones of the forearm.
    • Common elbow injuries include:
      • Sprains
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
    • Importance of treating elbow injuries seriously, as they can cause permanent disability.

    Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Injuries

    • The forearm is the area between the elbow and wrist.
    • Common injuries to the forearm, wrist, and hand include:
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
      • Sprains
      • Lacerations
    • Falls onto an outstretched upper extremity can cause both forearm bones to break.
    • Importance of stabilizing forearm, wrist, and hand injuries in the position found.

    Care for Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Injuries

    • General principles:
      • Do not move or straighten the injured area.
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Control external bleeding with direct pressure.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.
    • Specific care for different types of forearm, wrist, and hand injuries:
      • Forearm injuries: use a rigid splint, or a sling and binder.
      • Wrist injuries: use a rigid splint, or a sling and binder.
      • Hand injuries: use a rigid splint, or tape the injured finger to an adjacent finger.

    Lower Extremity Injuries

    • The lower extremity includes the bones of the leg, ankle, and foot.
    • Common injuries to the lower extremity include:
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
      • Sprains
    • Importance of treating lower extremity injuries seriously, as they can cause permanent disability.

    Thigh Injuries

    • The femur is the largest bone in the body.
    • Common thigh injuries include:
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
      • Bruises
      • Torn muscles
    • Importance of not attempting to splint a suspected femur fracture, as it requires special training and equipment.
    • Signs and symptoms of a fractured femur include:
      • Deformity
      • Pain
      • Inability to move the lower extremity
      • Shortening of the injured leg
      • Outward turning of the injured leg

    Care for Femur Injuries

    • Importance of calling 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number immediately.
    • General principles:
      • Do not move or straighten the injured area.
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Control external bleeding with direct pressure.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.
    • Waiting for EMS personnel to arrive:
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Help the person rest in a comfortable position.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.

    Knee Injuries

    • The knee joint is highly vulnerable to injury.
    • Common knee injuries include:
      • Sprains
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
    • Importance of treating knee injuries seriously, as they can cause permanent disability.

    Care for Knee Injuries

    • General principles:
      • Do not move or straighten the injured area.
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Control external bleeding with direct pressure.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.
    • Specific care for knee injuries:
      • Use padded rigid splints running around either side of the knee.
      • If the knee is straight, use two padded rigid splints on either side of the affected leg.

    Lower Leg Injuries

    • The lower leg is the area between the knee and ankle.
    • Common lower leg injuries include:
      • Fractures
      • Dislocations
      • Sprains
    • Importance of treating lower leg injuries seriously, as they can cause permanent disability.

    Care for Lower Leg Injuries

    • General principles:
      • Do not move or straighten the injured area.
      • Stabilize the injury in the position found.
      • Control external bleeding with direct pressure.
      • Apply a cold pack.
      • Take steps to minimize shock.
    • Specific care for lower leg injuries:
      • Use a rigid splint, or a sling and binder.

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    Understand the causes and types of musculoskeletal injuries, including fractures and joint dislocations. Learn to identify signs and symptoms of these injuries.

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