Musculoskeletal Disorders and Osteology

Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Types:
  • Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (autoimmune disorder)
  • Osteoporosis (bone density loss)
  • Fibromyalgia (chronic pain syndrome)
• Causes:
  • Genetics
  • Injury
  • Infection
  • Poor posture
• Symptoms:
  • Pain
  • Inflammation
  • Stiffness
  • Limited mobility

Osteology

• Study of:
  • Bones (structure, function, development)
  • Skeletal system
• Importance:
  • Supports body structure
  • Protects internal organs
  • Facilitates movement
• Bone Types:
  • Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus)
  • Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
  • Flat bones (e.g., ribs, sternum)
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis)

Joint Types

• Types:
  • Synovial Joints:
    • Moveable (e.g., elbow, knee)
    • Allow for flexibility and motion
  • Cartilaginous Joints:
    • Partially moveable (e.g., spine)
    • Allow for limited motion
  • Fibrous Joints:
    • Immoveable (e.g., skull bones)
    • Allow for no motion
• Joint Structure:
  • Articular cartilage (covers bone ends)
  • Synovial fluid (lubricates joint)
  • Ligaments (connect bones)

Skeletal System

• Functions:
  • Supports body structure
  • Protects internal organs
  • Facilitates movement
  • Produces blood cells
• Divided into:
  • Axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage)
  • Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs)
• Bone Functions:
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage of minerals (e.g., calcium)

Bone Structure

• Tissue Types:
  • Compact Bone:
    • Dense, compact tissue
    • Forms outer layer of bone
  • Cancellous Bone:
    • Spongy, porous tissue
    • Forms inner layer of bone
• Bone Cells:
  • Osteoblasts (produce bone tissue)
  • Osteoclasts (resorb bone tissue)
  • Osteocytes (maintain bone tissue)
• Bone Matrix:
  • Organic component (collagen fibers)
  • Inorganic component (hydroxyapatite crystals)

Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease
• Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder
• Osteoporosis is a condition of bone density loss
• Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome

Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Genetic factors can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders
• Injuries can lead to musculoskeletal disorders
• Infections can cause musculoskeletal disorders
• Poor posture can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders

Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Pain is a common symptom of musculoskeletal disorders
• Inflammation can occur in musculoskeletal disorders
• Stiffness is a common symptom of musculoskeletal disorders
• Limited mobility can result from musculoskeletal disorders

Osteology

• Osteology is the study of bones, including their structure, function, and development
• The skeletal system is comprised of bones and their associated tissues
• The skeletal system provides structural support for the body
• The skeletal system protects internal organs
• The skeletal system facilitates movement

Bone Types

• Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, are characterized by their length
• Short bones, such as the carpals and tarsals, are cube-shaped
• Flat bones, such as the ribs and sternum, are thin and flat
• Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae and pelvis, have complex shapes

Joint Types

• Synovial joints are moveable and allow for flexibility and motion
• Cartilaginous joints are partially moveable and allow for limited motion
• Fibrous joints are immoveable and allow for no motion

Joint Structure

• Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in a joint
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and reduces friction
• Ligaments connect bones and provide stability to the joint

Skeletal System

• The skeletal system provides structural support for the body
• The skeletal system protects internal organs
• The skeletal system facilitates movement
• The skeletal system produces blood cells
• The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Bone Functions

• Bones provide support for the body
• Bones protect internal organs
• Bones facilitate movement
• Bones produce blood cells
• Bones store minerals, such as calcium

Bone Structure

• Compact bone is a dense, compact tissue that forms the outer layer of bone
• Cancellous bone is a spongy, porous tissue that forms the inner layer of bone
• Osteoblasts produce bone tissue
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
• Osteocytes maintain bone tissue
• The bone matrix is composed of organic and inorganic components