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Questions and Answers
What are the major clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal diseases?
What are the major clinical manifestations of musculoskeletal diseases?
Which type of musculoskeletal disease is characterized by inflammation?
Which type of musculoskeletal disease is characterized by inflammation?
Which classification of musculoskeletal diseases involves the mode of origin?
Which classification of musculoskeletal diseases involves the mode of origin?
What is considered a common cause of musculoskeletal diseases?
What is considered a common cause of musculoskeletal diseases?
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Which of the following is a degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system?
Which of the following is a degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system?
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What is one clinical characteristic of myopathy?
What is one clinical characteristic of myopathy?
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In the context of body condition score (BCS), what is a likely consequence of greater loss of BCS in cows?
In the context of body condition score (BCS), what is a likely consequence of greater loss of BCS in cows?
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Which type of joint is classified as freely movable?
Which type of joint is classified as freely movable?
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What condition is characterized by sticking out and dragging a limb?
What condition is characterized by sticking out and dragging a limb?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of osteoarthritis?
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What signifies that an animal is lame?
What signifies that an animal is lame?
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Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic test for musculoskeletal disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic test for musculoskeletal disorders?
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How does lameness in livestock adversely impact milk production?
How does lameness in livestock adversely impact milk production?
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Which of the following describes a potential economic consequence of lameness in farm animals?
Which of the following describes a potential economic consequence of lameness in farm animals?
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Which sign is common in musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis?
Which sign is common in musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Diseases in Farm Species
- The presentation covers musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases in farm animals.
- Learning objectives include understanding pathogenesis, predisposing factors, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and the economic implications of lameness and other MSK disorders.
Learning Objectives
- Students will gain a general understanding of the pathogenesis, predisposing factors, and clinical features of bone, muscle, and joint disorders.
- They should develop proficiency in recognizing MSK diseases, clinical symptoms, and proper sample collection techniques.
- Students will learn about prevalent diseases affecting the MSK system in farm animals, as well as effective management strategies for prevention and treatment of individual animals and groups.
- The economic impact of lameness and other MSK disorders on farmers and the agricultural industry will be analyzed.
Overview of Musculoskeletal Disorders
- A wide range of MSK disorders are presented, categorized in various ways.
- This includes categories such as fractures, bone cysts, various forms of lamenesses, disorders of skeletal system, arthritis, bursitis, myopathies and many more.
Components of the Musculoskeletal System
- The MSK system consists of bones, muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, and the hoof.
- Major clinical manifestations of MSK diseases include lameness, failure of support, movement insufficiency, and deformity.
Classification of MSK Diseases
- Diseases are classified by mode of origin (e.g., hereditary, congenital, acquired), involvement of the system (localized or generalized), changes in the organ (structural or functional), and aetiology (e.g., bacterial, viral, parasitic, nutritional).
- Diseases can also be grouped as contagious, infectious, or non-specific based on their transmission and cause.
Clinical Manifestations of Diseases
- Degenerative diseases of muscles, bones, and joints are described as myopathy, osteodystrophy, and arthropathy.
- Inflammatory diseases include myositis, osteomyelitis, and arthritis.
Diagnosis and Examination of MSK Disorders
- Environmental factors (housing, flooring, hoof condition) and nutritional history are essential diagnostic elements.
- Physical examination should consider size, shape, symmetry, mobility, gait, weakness, stillness, pain, and palpation of muscle tone, consistency, and tenderness.
- Diagnostic tools include X-rays, MRI, CT scans, arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, muscle biopsy, and clinical pathology tests like CK, AST, and LDH.
Lameness in Farm Animals
- Lameness is a change in normal stance or gait, often accompanied by pain in the MSK system.
- It can be mechanical (due to abnormal connective tissues or anatomical abnormalities) or due to nerve dysfunction (neuromuscular disorders).
Economic Importance of Lameness
- The economic impact of lameness is significant, including reduced milk production (up to 1 month before and after treatment), reluctance to use automatic milking systems, increased culling rate, difficulty in clinical management, and increased condemnation at slaughterhouses.
Signs and Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Abnormal gait, including lameness, stiffness, stumbling, shifting from limb to limb, sticking out/dragging of limbs, extended hind limbs.
- Abnormal postures, persistent recumbency, crackling sounds while walking, pain on palpation, and deformity.
- Ease of fracture or brittle bone may also indicate MSK disorders.
Nutrition and Lameness
- Body condition score (BCS) and mobility score (MS) are important for assessing lameness risk.
- Reduced BCS is linked to a higher probability of lameness because of thinning of the digital cushion.
- Cows with longer periods of lameness are less likely to recover, and have reduced feed intake.
Myopathy
- Myopathy is a non-inflammatory degeneration of skeletal muscle.
- Common clinical characteristics include: muscle weakness, hyaline degeneration of muscle fibers, elevated muscle enzyme levels in the serum, and myoglobinuria.
Dystrophy-like Myopathies
- Muscular dystrophy encompasses a variety of inherited diseases affecting muscles, leading to degenerative and atrophic muscle changes.
- Common examples include Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in humans and dogs, Weaver syndrome in Brown Swiss cattle, muscle hyperplasia (double muscling) in cattle, and Pietran creeper syndrome in pigs.
Disorder of Joint-Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting articular cartilage.
- The condition is generally multifactorial with contributing factors like age, trauma, mechanical forces, conformation, hormones, and sepsis.
- Soft tissue swelling, narrowing of the joint space, bone lysis, sclerosis, and osteophyte formation are common radiological features.
Arthritis and Bursitis in Calves
- The presentation includes cases with respiratory problems, purulent arthritis, retained fetal membranes, and mastitis in calves and dairy cows.
- Haematogenous spread of bacteria and pneumonia issues are also mentioned.
- Radiography, X-rays, and sonography are suggested imaging techniques.
Multifactorial Causes of Lameness
- The presentation suggests various factors involving nerve damage and exertional rhabdomyolysis can affect farm animal lameness.
- Exertional rhabdomyolysis, for example, involves glycogen depletion and lactate accumulation, leading to hyaline degeneration of muscle fibers.
Myositis
- Myositis can be a result of direct or indirect trauma, abnormal immune responses, and infections (e.g., blackleg, foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue, ephemeral fever).
- Sporadic cases, possibly associated with E. coli, can occur in calves.
- Eosinophilic myositis is an asymptomatic condition in beef cattle.
Acute Myositis of Limb Muscles
- Acute myositis, characterized by lameness, swelling, heat, and pain, can have accompanying toxemia and fever.
- Chronic cases can mimic muscle atrophy and require biopsy confirmation.
- Some cases can stem from prior trauma leading to fibrotic or ossifying myopathy.
Laminitis
- Laminitis is inflammation of the laminae, a sensitive tissue of the hoof.
- Causes include excessive soluble carbohydrate intake, inflammatory diseases, endocrine disorders (e.g., equine metabolic syndrome), black walnut shavings ingestion, retained placenta, corticosteroid treatment, and overweight condition.
- Early stages are clinically indistinguishable from scald.
- Acute cases involve early pedal displacement; Subacute and chronic cases can persist longer with pedal bone displacement.
Laminitis-Treatment & Control
- Immediate actions like cooling the foot and seeking veterinary aid are important.
- Treatment includes cryotherapy, anti-inflammatory therapy (if infection suspected), pain management, hoof trimming, and shoeing.
Pathogenesis of Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
- Deficiency of vitamin E and/or selenium leads to lipo-peroxidation of cellular membranes in muscle fibers.
- This results in muscle fiber degeneration and necrosis, a critical cause of nutritional muscular dystrophy in farm animals.
Predisposing Factors to Nutrition-Induced Muscular Dystrophy
- Vitamin E and selenium deficiency is frequently observed in young calves, lambs, foals, and piglets, and adult horses.
- Factors such as rapid growth, high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet, and unaccustomed exercise predispose animals to this condition.
Dyschondroplasia
- Tibial dyschondroplasia is a condition where the growth plate is affected, varying in severity.
- This presentation includes an example of different stages.
Milk Fever
- Milk fever is common among dairy cows.
- It is characterized by hypocalcemia (low blood calcium), often occurring during the first 24 hours after calving.
- Lack of muscle function, and potential for increased mortality if left untreated, are critical aspects of this condition.
Milk Fever - Prevention and Treatment
- Preventing milk fever involves avoiding breeding with sires prone to frequent milk fever, preventing cows from becoming too fat, and using transition diets to control cation-anion imbalance.
- Treatment focuses on intravenous calcium borogluconate administration with optimal temperature control.
Footrot - Pathogenesis
- Footrot, primarily caused by Dichelobacter nodosus, begins with a scald/strip/interdigital dermatitis.
- The disease progresses to anaerobic bacteria characterized by under-running of hoof horn.
- Key point: early stages of footrot are difficult to distinguish clinically from scald.
Footrot Key Facts-1 and 2
- Dichelobacter nodosus bacteria survive in pastures and bedding, and hoof horn clippings for extended periods.
- Infection can spread between sheep through shared surfaces.
- Treatment involves combining antibiotic injections and topical sprays, with extra care required for persistent infections.
Within-herd Pathogen Transfer
- Diagrams illustrate the potential for pathogen spread within a sheep flock.
Recap- Learning Objectives
- Presentation offers review of key concepts like examples of MSK diseases, causative agents of diseases like footrot, spread mechanisms, risk factors across livestock, procedures for diagnosis/management of MSK disorders, and disruptions of metabolic functions due to nutritional deficiencies.
Supplementary Reading List
- A list of suggested readings from the presentation (titles and authors for further exploration).
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Description
This quiz explores musculoskeletal diseases affecting farm animals, focusing on their pathogenesis, clinical features, and economic implications. Students will learn to recognize symptoms and understand effective management strategies to address these disorders. The quiz aims to equip students with essential knowledge for dealing with lameness and related issues in agricultural contexts.
