Med Surg FInal

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Questions and Answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of osteoporosis?

Nausea after meals

Loss of height (correct)

Persistent joint pain

Increased muscle mass

Which treatment is primarily used for managing phantom pain after an amputation?

Acetaminophen

Antidepressants

NSAIDs

Gabapentin (correct)

What is a significant characteristic of diverticulitis compared to diverticulosis?

Associated fever (correct)

Absence of infection

Presence of diverticulum

Requires no dietary changes

What is the first-line treatment for osteoporosis?

Calcium and Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Use of splints Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true for patients with Crohn's Disease?

They should avoid high-fiber diets. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of kyphosis?

Natural aging process resulting in hunchback Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an NG tube?

To decompress the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What type of traction utilizes pins visible on the outside of the body?

Skeletal traction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dietary recommendation for managing diverticulosis?

High-fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for a stoma to be monitored and maintained as pink and moist?

To check for adequate blood circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of osteomyelitis that differs from other conditions?

Localized joint pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical initial treatment for a sprain?

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE) Signup and view all the answers

How should a patient experiencing dumping syndrome be managed in terms of diet?

Consult a dietary specialist for tailored advice Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is associated with untreated compartment syndrome following a fracture?

Loss of appendage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment strategy for acute pancreatitis?

Hydration with IV fluids and NPO status Signup and view all the answers

In patients with peptic ulcer disease, which symptom indicates a potential hemorrhage?

Decreased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What should patients with chronic pancreatitis avoid to manage their condition?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary approach is recommended for individuals at high risk for colon cancer?

Diet rich in vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended management for patients experiencing dehydration due to gastroenteritis?

Monitor electrolytes and administer fluids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Musculoskeletal Changes Due to Aging

Bone density decreases, increasing safety risks from falls and fractures.
Cartilage degeneration can cause osteoarthritis, leading to joint pain and stiffness.
Muscle tissue atrophy occurs, resulting in reduced strength in the elderly.
Kyphosis: Forward curvature of the spine, often referred to as hunchback, is a natural aging process.
Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine; significant curves can compromise cardiovascular and respiratory function.
Lordosis: Inward curvature of the lumbar spine, which may contribute to posture issues.

Hepatitis

Viral liver infection with jaundice as a key clinical sign.
Management involves small, calorie-dense meals; protein intake should be limited.
Rest is essential following exercise; antiemetic medications can alleviate nausea.
Precautions:
- Hepatitis A: Transmitted via oral-fecal route; vaccination available.
- Hepatitis B: Spread through blood/bodily fluids; vaccination and treatment with Tenofovir available.
- Hepatitis C: Blood-borne; no vaccine exists.

Amputations

Amputation can result from trauma or be elective.
Emotional support is crucial; assess patient coping skills and support systems.
Educate on limb care, range of motion exercises to prevent contractures and promote recovery.
Monitor post-operative circulation by checking pulse in the limb above the amputation site.
Gabapentin may be used to manage phantom pain.

ORIF and OREF Procedures

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF): Surgical technique to align fractured bones using plates and screws internally.
Open Reduction External Fixation (OREF): Uses visible pins on the outside, connected to a frame for stabilization. Nursing care includes pin care to prevent infection.

Osteoporosis

Diagnosed through DEXA scan; bone density measurement is key.
First-line treatment includes calcium and Vitamin D supplementation.
Symptoms may include height loss, fear of falling, and activity-related pain that subsides with rest.
Safety assessments for fall hazards are critical in patients with osteoporosis.

Osteoarthritis

Managed through physical therapy and pain relief, typically with acetaminophen.
A splint may be necessary depending on severity.

Colonoscopy Education

Patients must be NPO after midnight.
Strong laxatives are administered before the procedure; avoid blood thinners due to bleeding risk.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS types include:
- IBS-C: Constipation, treated with laxatives.
- IBS-D: Diarrhea, best managed with loperamide.
- Mixed: Combination of both, requiring individualized management.
Monitoring for bowel obstructions and electrolyte imbalances is essential.

Diverticular Disease

Diverticulosis: Presence of diverticula without inflammation.
Diverticulitis: Inflamed diverticula, often accompanied by fever and infection.

NG Tube Management

Regularly check tube placement; secure to the patient's gown, not bed linens.
Used for stomach decompression and medication administration; monitor to ensure proper positioning.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Caused by repetitive wrist movements, characterized by nerve inflammation.
Diagnosis can be confirmed with Phalen’s Test, symptoms include numbness and tingling in hand.

Traction Techniques

Skin traction: Used for realignment; weights should hang freely without touching the ground.
Skeletal traction: Applied to limbs, often for femur or hip injuries.

Gastrointestinal Conditions

Crohn’s Disease: Causes patchy inflammation anywhere in the GI tract; prone to strictures and small bowel obstructions. Dietary management should focus on low-fiber foods.
Ulcerative Colitis: Continuous inflammation limited to the colon, complications may include peritonitis and fistulas.

Other GI Conditions

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): Risk of hemorrhage; symptomatic management includes monitoring blood pressure and administering IV fluids rapidly to prevent shock.
Pancreatitis: Can be acute or chronic, with management differing significantly. Avoid caffeine in chronic cases and maintain a side-lying or fetal position for comfort in acute cases.

Post-operative Care

Monitor for complications such as compartment syndrome following fractures; assess symptoms like swelling and tingling.
For colostomy patients, ensure the stoma is healthy (pink and moist) and instruct on bag maintenance.

Important Assessments

In traumatic injuries, stabilize the neck as a priority following any fall or significant impact.
Monitor mental status for signs of hepatic failure, such as confusion due to elevated ammonia levels.

General Patient Care

Ensure safety through assessments during mobility-impaired states to prevent DVT, constipation, and pressure ulcers.
Address dumping syndrome through dietary adjustments to manage symptoms effectively.

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Description

Explore the various musculoskeletal changes that occur due to aging, including bone changes and the implications of cartilage degeneration leading to osteoarthritis. This quiz also covers conditions such as kyphosis and scoliosis, their effects on health, and management strategies like thermal therapy and physical therapy.