Musculos del Membre Superior

Upper Limb Muscles

• Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR): Origin: medial epicondyle. Insertion: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. Action: flexion and abduction of the wrist.
• Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL): Origin: lateral epicondyle. Insertion: base of 3rd metacarpal. Action: extension of the wrist.
• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU): Origin: lateral epicondyle. Insertion: base of 5th metacarpal. Action: extension and adduction of the wrist.
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU): Origin: medial epicondyle. Insertion: base of 5th metacarpal and pisiform. Action: flexion and adduction of the wrist.
• Biceps Brachii: Origin: long head - supraglenoid tubercle; short head - coracoid process. Insertion: radial tuberosity. Action: flexes elbow and supinates forearm.
• Brachialis: Origin: distal 1/2 anterior humerus. Insertion: proximal ulna. Action: flexes elbow.
• Brachioradialis: Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge. Insertion: radial styloid process. Action: flexes elbow.
• Supinator: Origin: lateral epicondyle, supinator crest of ulna. Insertion: anterolateral surface of proximal radius. Action: supination.
• Triceps Brachii: Origin: long head - infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head - posterior humerus; medial head - distal posterior humerus. Insertion: olecranon process. Action: extends elbow.
• Anconeus: Origin: lateral epicondyle. Insertion: lateral and inferior to olecranon process. Action: extends elbow and forearm.
• Pronator Teres: Origin: medial epicondyle and coronoid process. Insertion: lateral aspect of radius. Action: pronation.
• Pronator Quadratus: Origin: distal 1/4 ulna. Insertion: distal 1/4 radius. Action: pronation.
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS): Origin: medial epicondyle and radius. Insertion: sides of middle phalanges of fingers 2-5. Action: flexes wrist and fingers 2-5, assists in elbow flexion.
• Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP): Origin: upper 3/4 ulna. Insertion: distal phalanges of fingers 2-5. Action: flexes fingers 2-5.
• Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL): Origin: anterior radius. Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb. Action: flexes thumb.
• Extensor Digitorum (ED): Origin: lateral epicondyle. Insertion: bases of distal phalanges of fingers 2-5. Action: extends fingers 2-5.
• Extensor Indicis (EI): Origin: deep posterior forearm. Insertion: distal phalanx of index finger. Action: extends index finger.
• Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM): Origin: lateral epicondyle. Insertion: distal phalanx of little finger. Action: extends little finger.
• Lumbricals: Origin: tendons of FDP. Insertion: tendon expansions of ED. Action: flexes MCP joints, extends PIP and DIP joints of fingers 2-5.
• Dorsal Interossei (DAB): Origin: 2 adjacent metacarpals. Insertion: base of proximal phalanges. Action: abduct fingers at MCP joints.
• Palmar Interossei (PAD): Origin: palmar surface of metacarpals 2-5. Insertion: base of proximal phalanges. Action: adduct fingers at MCP joints.

Trunk and Shoulder Muscles

• Trapezius (Upper, Middle, Lower): Origin: upper - occipital bone; middle - cervical vertebrae; lower - thoracic vertebrae. Insertion: upper - 1/3 clavicle and acromion; middle - scapular spine; lower - base of scapular spine. Action: upper - elevate and medially rotate scapula; middle - retract scapula; lower - depress and medially rotate scapula.
• Levator Scapulae: Origin: cervical vertebrae 1-4. Insertion: superior angle and medial border of scapula. Action: elevates scapula.
• Rhomboid Major and Minor: Origin: spinous processes C7-T5. Insertion: inferior angle and medial border of scapula. Action: retract and elevate (downwardly rotate) scapula.
• Serratus Anterior: Origin: lateral ribs 1-8. Insertion: vertebral border of scapula. Action: protects scapula and draws it forward (protraction) and downward.
• Pectoralis Minor: Origin: anterior ribs 3-5. Insertion: coracoid process. Action: protracts and depresses scapula.
• Deltoid (Anterior, Middle, Posterior): Origin: anterior - anterior 1/3 clavicle; middle - acromion; posterior - scapular spine. Insertion: deltoid tuberosity. Action: anterior - flexes and horizontally adducts arm; middle - abducts arm; posterior - extends and horizontally abducts arm.
• Pectoralis Major: Origin: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of ribs 1-6. Insertion: lateral lip of bicipital groove. Action: adducts, medially rotates, and flexes arm (and slightly extends).
• Latissimus Dorsi (lats): Origin: lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, lower 3/4 ribs. Insertion: medial lip of bicipital groove. Action: shoulder extension, adduction, and medial rotation.
• Infraspinatus: Origin: infraspinous fossa. Insertion: greater tubercle. Action: external rotation and abduction of the arm.
• Teres Minor: Origin: axillary border of scapula. Insertion: greater tubercle. Action: external rotation and abduction of the arm.
• Teres Major: Origin: axillary border of scapula. Insertion: medial lip of bicipital groove. Action: shoulder extension, adduction, and medial rotation.
• Subscapularis: Origin: subscapular fossa. Insertion: lesser tubercle. Action: internal rotation of the arm.
• Coracobrachialis: Origin: coracoid process. Insertion: medial humerus. Action: flexes and adducts the arm.
• Splenius Capitis and Cervicis: Origin: nuchal ligament and spinous processes. Insertion: occipital bone and transverse processes. Action: bilaterally extends head; unilaterally rotates and laterally flexes head.
• Sternocleidomastoid: Origin: sternum and clavicle. Insertion: mastoid process. Action: bilaterally flexes neck; unilaterally laterally bends and rotates neck.
• Scalene Muscles: Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Insertion: ribs 1 and 2. Action: unilaterally laterally bends and rotates neck; bilaterally elevates ribs and assists neck flexion.
• Rectus Abdominis: Origin: pubis. Insertion: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7. Action: trunk flexion and compresses abdomen.
• External Oblique: Origin: lower 8 ribs. Insertion: iliac crest and linea alba. Action: bilaterally flexes trunk and compresses abdomen; unilaterally produces lateral flexion and rotation.
• Internal Oblique: Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbar fascia. Insertion: ribs 10-12, abdominal aponeurosis. Action: bilaterally flexes trunk and compresses abdomen; unilaterally produces lateral flexion and rotation to the same side.
• Transverse Abdominis: Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbar fascia, last six ribs. Insertion: abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba. Action: compresses abdomen.
• Quadratus Lumborum: Origin: iliac crest. Insertion: rib 12 and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae. Action: lateral bending of trunk and elevation of hip.

Lower Limb Muscles

• Iliopsoas (Iliacus and Psoas Major): Origin: iliacus - iliac fossa; psoas major - T12-L5. Insertion: lesser trochanter. Action: hip flexion, assists pelvic tilt, and external hip rotation.
• Rectus Femoris: Origin: AIIS. Insertion: tibial tuberosity. Action: flexes hip and extends knee.
• Sartorius: Origin: ASIS. Insertion: anteromedial aspect of proximal tibia (pes anserinus). Action: figure-four position; external rotation; flexes hip; abducts hip; flexes knee.
• Pectineus: Origin: superior ramus of pubis. Insertion: pectineal line of femur. Action: adducts and flexes hip.
• Adductor Longus and Brevis: Origin: pubis (longus - middle third of linea aspera; brevis - pectineal and proximal linea aspera). Insertion: (longus - middle third of linea aspera; brevis - pectineal line and proximal linea aspera). Action: adducts hip.
• Gracilis: Origin: pubis. Insertion: anteromedial aspect of proximal tibia (pes anserinus). Action: adducts hip.
• Adductor Magnus: Origin: pubis and ischium. Insertion: entire linea aspera and adductor tubercle. Action: adducts hip.
• Gluteus Maximus: Origin: posterior ilium and sacrum. Insertion: IT band and posterior femur. Action: extends and hyper-extends hip; abducts hip; externally rotates hip.
• Gluteus Medius: Origin: outer ilium. Insertion: greater trochanter. Action: abducts hip, anterior portion is internal rotation and flexion; posterior -external rotation and extension.
• Gluteus Minimus: Origin: lateral ilium. Insertion: anterior surface of greater trochanter. Action: hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation.
• Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL): Origin: iliac crest posterior to ASIS. Insertion: lateral condyle of tibia and tibial tubercle via IT band. Action: flexion, abduction, and internal rotation of the hip.
• Deep Rotators (6 muscles): Origin: sacrum, ischium, pubis. Insertion: greater trochanter area. Action: hip lateral rotation.
• Vastus Lateralis, Medialis, and Intermedius: Origin: linea aspera (Lateralis), medial femoral shaft (Medialis), anterior femur (Intermedius). Insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon. Action: extend knee
• Rectus Femoris: Origin: AIIS. Insertion: tibial tuberosity. Action: flexes hip and extends knee.
• Hamstrings (Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps Femoris): Origin: ischial tuberosity (all) and short head - posterior femur (biceps femoris). Insertion: semitendinosus - anteromedial proximal tibia; semimembranosus - posterior medial condyle; biceps femoris - fibular head. Action: flexes knee. (Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus also act to flex the hip)

Lower Leg Muscles

• Gastrocnemius: Origin: medial and lateral condyles. Insertion: calcaneal tuberosity. Action: plantar flexion of the foot and knee flexion.
• Soleus: Origin: posterior tibia and fibula. Insertion: calcaneal tuberosity. Action: plantar flexion.
• Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL): Origin: deep posterior leg. Insertion: distal toes 2-5. Action: flexes toes 2-5 and assists with inversion.
• Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL): Origin: deep posterior leg. Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe. Action: flexes great toe and assists with plantar flexion and inversion
• Tibialis Posterior: Origin: deep posterior leg. Insertion: tarsals of midfoot and 2-5 metatarsals. Action: inversion and plantar flexion of foot.
• Tibialis Anterior: Origin: lateral tibia and interosseous membrane. Insertion: 1st metatarsal and cuneiform. Action: inversion and dorsiflexion.
• Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL): Origin: fibula, tibia interosseous membrane. Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5. Action: extends toes 2-5, and assists with dorsiflexion.
• Extensor Hallucis Longus (EHL): Origin: fibula, interosseous membrane. Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe.  Action: extends big toe and assists with dorsiflexion and inversion
• Peroneus Longus, Brevis, and Tertius: Origin: lateral fibula. Insertion: longus- plantar surface of 1st met and cuneiform; brevis- tub of base of 5th; tertius- base of 5th. Action: peroneus longus and brevis evert foot and assist with plantar flexion; tertius everts and assists with dorsal flexion.