study guide

Muscular System

• Main functions: movement of skeleton, movement of vessels, and movement of internal organs

Types of Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle

• Location: walls of the heart
• Description: striated, involuntary, branched fibers
• Function: generates and conducts electrical impulses, enabling heart contractions

Skeletal Muscle

• Location: attached to the skeleton
• Description: long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated fibers; voluntary control
• Function: moves the skeleton through voluntary contraction

Smooth Muscle

• Location: walls of hollow organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels, bladder, uterus)
• Description: non-striated, involuntary, with tapered edges
• Function: moves involuntarily, contracting and relaxing slowly, maintaining prolonged contraction for functions like vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Muscles

• Orbicularis Oris: surrounds the lips
• Orbicularis Oculi: surrounds the eye
• Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): neck muscle connecting the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Trapezius: upper back and neck
• Serratus Anterior: lateral aspect of the thorax
• Pectoralis Major: chest region
• Latissimus Dorsi: lower and middle back
• Deltoid: shoulder joint
• Biceps Brachii: front of the upper arm
• Triceps Brachii: back of the upper arm
• Flexor Carpi Muscles: anterior compartment of the forearm
• Extensor Carpi Muscles: posterior compartment of the forearm
• Rectus Abdominis: anterior abdominal wall
• External Oblique: lateral abdominal wall
• Gluteus Maximus: buttocks
• Hamstring Muscles: back of the thigh
• Adductor Muscles: medial side of the thigh
• Tibialis Anterior: front part of the lower leg
• Gastrocnemius: back of the lower leg
• Temporalis: side of the head (over the temples)

Skeletal System

• Functions: serves as a framework for the body, protects the brain, spinal cord, and other structures, works with muscles to produce movement, stores calcium, and produces blood cells
• Types of Joints:

Fibrous Joints

• Examples: sutures in the skull

Cartilaginous Joints

• Examples: intervertebral discs

Synovial Joints

• Examples:
  • Gliding Joint: intercarpal joints
  • Hinge Joint: elbow
  • Pivot Joint: atlantoaxial joint (between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
  • Condyloid Joint: wrist joint
  • Saddle Joint: thumb (carpometacarpal joint)
  • Ball-and-Socket Joint: shoulder, hip

Bones

• Skull: cranium and facial bones
• Mandible: lower jawbone
• Clavicle: collarbone
• Scapula: shoulder blade
• Sternum: breastbone
• Ribs: protect the thoracic cavity
• Humerus: upper arm bone
• Radius: lateral bone of the forearm
• Ulna: medial bone of the forearm
• Carpals: wrist bones
• Metacarpals: bones of the hand
• Phalanges: finger and toe bones
• Vertebrae: bones of the spine
• Pelvis: hip bones
• Femur: thigh bone
• Patella: kneecap
• Tibia: medial bone of the lower leg
• Fibula: lateral bone of the lower leg
• Tarsals: ankle bones
• Metatarsals: bones of the foot
• Sacrum: base of the spine, part of the pelvis
• Coccyx: tailbone
• Ilium: part of the pelvis
• Ischium: lower part of the pelvis
• Pubis: anterior part of the pelvis

Career Profiles

Physical Therapist (PT) & Assistant (PTA)

• Responsibilities: evaluate physical conditions, develop and implement treatment plans, use exercises, manual therapy, and equipment, educate patients on managing conditions and preventing injuries

Occupational Therapist (OT) & Assistant (OTA)

• Responsibilities: help patients develop, recover, or maintain daily living and work skills, assess needs, develop customized treatment plans, use therapeutic activities, provide guidance on adaptive equipment and modifications

Respiratory Therapist

• Responsibilities: assess and treat patients with breathing or cardiopulmonary disorders, perform diagnostic tests, administer treatments, educate patients on managing respiratory conditions

Chiropractor

• Responsibilities: diagnose and treat musculoskeletal issues, provide therapy for back pain, neck pain, and other joint problems, advise on lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition

Dietitian & Nutritionist

• Responsibilities: assess nutritional needs, develop personalized diet plans, educate on healthy eating habits, manage nutrition therapy for specific health conditions, conduct research on nutrition and health

This quiz covers the main functions of muscles, including movement of the skeleton, vessels, and internal organs, as well as a comparison of the three types of muscle tissue: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle.