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Muscular System Flashcards
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Muscular System Flashcards

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@LuxuriantOstrich

Questions and Answers

What are the three muscle types in the body?

  • Epithelial
  • Cardiac (correct)
  • Smooth (correct)
  • Skeletal (correct)

    • What is the endomysium?

    A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.

    What is the perimysium?

    Connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles.

    What is the epimysium?

    <p>An overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are smooth muscles found in the body?

    <p>Walls of hollow organs (except heart) in the digestive system, blood vessels, and urinary system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cardiac muscle contraction regulated?

    <p>Involuntary contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of muscle?

    <p>Producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sarcolemma?

    <p>Specialized plasma membrane of muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Stores calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myosin?

    <p>Thick filament protein with a head and elongated tail, the heads form cross bridges with the thin filaments during muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is actin?

    <p>Thin filament protein, twisted into a double helix and appears like a double-stranded chain of pearls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter for muscle contraction?

    <p>Acetylcholine (ACh).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy needed for muscle contraction?

    <p>Stored ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of muscles are involuntary?

    <p>Cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of muscle are striated?

    <p>Cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle has intercalated discs?

    <p>Cardiac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is glycogen stored in the muscle cells?

    <p>In glycosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell?

    <p>Sarcoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the light area of the sarcomere?

    <p>I Band.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure attaches a bone to a muscle?

    <p>Tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proteins are on actin?

    <p>Tropomyosin and troponin (in skeletal muscle).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the H Band?

    <p>The center part of the sarcomere that gets smaller when a muscle contracts and appears when the muscle relaxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion stimulates the contraction of muscle?

    <p>Calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Movement of bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle forms most of the heart?

    <p>Cardiac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle exhibits autorhythmicity (beats with a steady rhythm)?

    <p>Cardiac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle forms the walls of hollow internal structures?

    <p>Smooth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles have a striped appearance?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contractile unit of muscle?

    <p>Sarcomere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for a muscle cell?

    <p>Muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of an electrical impulse to stimulate a muscle cell to contract?

    <p>Excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate a pulling force?

    <p>Contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the muscles' ability to be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle?

    <p>Extensibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cross bridge?

    <p>The connection of a myosin head group to an actin filament during muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a muscle to recoil after being stretched?

    <p>Elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sarcomere is the distance between two __?

    <p>Z discs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.

    <p>myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both actin and myosin are found in the _______ band.

    <p>A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is troponin?

    <p>A regulatory protein that moves tropomyosin aside &amp; exposes myosin binding sites when Ca+ is released during muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the striations of skeletal muscles?

    <p>Arrangements of myofilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are striations?

    <p>The light and dark stripes in skeletal and cardiac muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tropomyosin?

    <p>A long, fibrous protein that winds around the actin polymer, blocking all the myosin-binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myoglobin?

    <p>A protein that holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sarcoplasm?

    <p>The cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycogen?

    <p>A complex carbohydrate consisting of stored glucose molecules in skeletal muscles; breaks down to release glucose when it is needed for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the structures in order from largest to smallest:

    <p>Muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomere, actin &amp; myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fascicle?

    <p>A bundle of skeletal muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of a muscle?

    <p>Less moveable of the two bones is considered to be the starting point of the muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of a muscle?

    <p>The end of a muscle attached to a movable part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aponeurosis?

    <p>Broad, flat, sheet-like connective tissue that connects muscles to a bone or another muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a myofilament?

    <p>Threadlike structures found in myofibrils which aid in contraction, composed of myosin (thick) and actin (thin).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the M-line?

    <p>Supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sliding filament theory?

    <p>Theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is titin?

    <p>Elastic protein that keeps thick and thin filaments aligned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acetylcholine?

    <p>Neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

    <p>When released from the SR, they stimulate the reaction leading to muscle contraction by attaching to regulatory proteins on actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an action potential?

    <p>Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscle Types

    • Three muscle types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
    • Skeletal muscle: voluntary control, striated appearance, responsible for bone movement
    • Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated, forms the heart, exhibits autorhythmicity
    • Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated, found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels)

    Connective Tissue Layers

    • Endomysium: thin connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers
    • Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
    • Epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue encasing the entire muscle

    Muscle Contraction and Structure

    • Myofibrils: bundles of myofilaments that run the length of muscle fibers
    • Sarcomere: basic contractile unit, the distance between Z discs
    • I Band: light area in the sarcomere containing only thin actin filaments
    • A Band: dark area in the sarcomere containing both thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
    • H Band: middle part of the sarcomere, decreases in size during contraction

    Proteins Involved in Muscle Contraction

    • Myosin: thick filament protein that forms cross bridges with actin during contraction
    • Actin: thin filament protein providing the structure for contraction and contains myosin-binding sites
    • Troponin: regulatory protein that moves tropomyosin to expose binding sites on actin
    • Tropomyosin: fibrous protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin

    Muscle Cell Components

    • Sarcolemma: specialized plasma membrane surrounding muscle cells
    • Sarcoplasmic reticulum: membrane network that stores calcium ions, critical for muscle contraction
    • Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm found in muscle fibers, contains organelles and myofibrils
    • Glycogen: stored form of glucose used for energy during muscle contraction

    Neuromuscular Junction

    • Point of contact where motor neuron stimulates muscle fibers via neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) diffusion

    Functional Properties of Muscles

    • Excitability: ability of muscle cells to respond to electrical impulses
    • Contractility: ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate force
    • Extensibility: ability to be stretched back to original length
    • Elasticity: ability to recoil after being stretched

    Muscle Energy and Contraction

    • Required energy: stored ATP for muscle contraction
    • Calcium ions: trigger contraction by interacting with proteins in muscle cells, releasing from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

    Muscle Attachments and Terminology

    • Tendon: structure that attaches muscle to bone
    • Aponeurosis: broad, flat connective tissue connecting muscle to another muscle or bone
    • Origin: less movable attachment of a muscle
    • Insertion: more movable attachment of a muscle

    Miscellaneous Terms

    • Cross bridge: connection between myosin head and actin filament during contraction
    • Sliding filament theory: concept that actin filaments slide past myosin filaments during muscle contraction without changing length
    • Myoglobin: oxygen-storing protein within muscle cells, ensuring adequate oxygen supply during activity
    • Titin: elastic protein that maintains alignment of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere

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    Test your knowledge of the muscular system with these flashcards. Learn about the different muscle types and the connective tissues that surround muscle fibers. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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