Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three muscle types in the body?
What are the three muscle types in the body?
- Epithelial
- Cardiac (correct)
- Smooth (correct)
- Skeletal (correct)
What is the endomysium?
What is the endomysium?
A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
What is the perimysium?
What is the perimysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles.
What is the epimysium?
What is the epimysium?
Where are smooth muscles found in the body?
Where are smooth muscles found in the body?
How is cardiac muscle contraction regulated?
How is cardiac muscle contraction regulated?
What are the functions of muscle?
What are the functions of muscle?
What is the sarcolemma?
What is the sarcolemma?
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is myosin?
What is myosin?
What is actin?
What is actin?
What is the neurotransmitter for muscle contraction?
What is the neurotransmitter for muscle contraction?
What is the energy needed for muscle contraction?
What is the energy needed for muscle contraction?
What types of muscles are involuntary?
What types of muscles are involuntary?
What types of muscle are striated?
What types of muscle are striated?
What type of muscle is voluntary?
What type of muscle is voluntary?
What type of muscle has intercalated discs?
What type of muscle has intercalated discs?
Where is glycogen stored in the muscle cells?
Where is glycogen stored in the muscle cells?
What is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell?
What is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell?
What is the light area of the sarcomere?
What is the light area of the sarcomere?
What structure attaches a bone to a muscle?
What structure attaches a bone to a muscle?
What proteins are on actin?
What proteins are on actin?
What is the H Band?
What is the H Band?
What ion stimulates the contraction of muscle?
What ion stimulates the contraction of muscle?
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
What type of muscle forms most of the heart?
What type of muscle forms most of the heart?
What type of muscle exhibits autorhythmicity (beats with a steady rhythm)?
What type of muscle exhibits autorhythmicity (beats with a steady rhythm)?
What type of muscle forms the walls of hollow internal structures?
What type of muscle forms the walls of hollow internal structures?
What type of muscles have a striped appearance?
What type of muscles have a striped appearance?
What is the contractile unit of muscle?
What is the contractile unit of muscle?
What is another name for a muscle cell?
What is another name for a muscle cell?
What is the ability of an electrical impulse to stimulate a muscle cell to contract?
What is the ability of an electrical impulse to stimulate a muscle cell to contract?
What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate a pulling force?
What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate a pulling force?
What is the muscles' ability to be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle?
What is the muscles' ability to be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle?
What is a cross bridge?
What is a cross bridge?
What is the ability of a muscle to recoil after being stretched?
What is the ability of a muscle to recoil after being stretched?
A sarcomere is the distance between two __?
A sarcomere is the distance between two __?
The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.
The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.
Both actin and myosin are found in the _______ band.
Both actin and myosin are found in the _______ band.
What is troponin?
What is troponin?
What causes the striations of skeletal muscles?
What causes the striations of skeletal muscles?
What are striations?
What are striations?
The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.
The sliding filament model of contraction involves actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.
What is tropomyosin?
What is tropomyosin?
What is myoglobin?
What is myoglobin?
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What is sarcoplasm?
What is sarcoplasm?
What is the neuromuscular junction?
What is the neuromuscular junction?
What is glycogen?
What is glycogen?
List the structures in order from largest to smallest:
List the structures in order from largest to smallest:
What is a fascicle?
What is a fascicle?
What is the origin of a muscle?
What is the origin of a muscle?
What is the insertion of a muscle?
What is the insertion of a muscle?
What is an aponeurosis?
What is an aponeurosis?
What is a myofilament?
What is a myofilament?
What is the M-line?
What is the M-line?
What is the sliding filament theory?
What is the sliding filament theory?
What is titin?
What is titin?
What is acetylcholine?
What is acetylcholine?
What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
Study Notes
Muscle Types
- Three muscle types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Skeletal muscle: voluntary control, striated appearance, responsible for bone movement
- Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated, forms the heart, exhibits autorhythmicity
- Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated, found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels)
Connective Tissue Layers
- Endomysium: thin connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers
- Perimysium: connective tissue surrounding bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles)
- Epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue encasing the entire muscle
Muscle Contraction and Structure
- Myofibrils: bundles of myofilaments that run the length of muscle fibers
- Sarcomere: basic contractile unit, the distance between Z discs
- I Band: light area in the sarcomere containing only thin actin filaments
- A Band: dark area in the sarcomere containing both thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
- H Band: middle part of the sarcomere, decreases in size during contraction
Proteins Involved in Muscle Contraction
- Myosin: thick filament protein that forms cross bridges with actin during contraction
- Actin: thin filament protein providing the structure for contraction and contains myosin-binding sites
- Troponin: regulatory protein that moves tropomyosin to expose binding sites on actin
- Tropomyosin: fibrous protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin
Muscle Cell Components
- Sarcolemma: specialized plasma membrane surrounding muscle cells
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum: membrane network that stores calcium ions, critical for muscle contraction
- Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm found in muscle fibers, contains organelles and myofibrils
- Glycogen: stored form of glucose used for energy during muscle contraction
Neuromuscular Junction
- Point of contact where motor neuron stimulates muscle fibers via neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) diffusion
Functional Properties of Muscles
- Excitability: ability of muscle cells to respond to electrical impulses
- Contractility: ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate force
- Extensibility: ability to be stretched back to original length
- Elasticity: ability to recoil after being stretched
Muscle Energy and Contraction
- Required energy: stored ATP for muscle contraction
- Calcium ions: trigger contraction by interacting with proteins in muscle cells, releasing from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle Attachments and Terminology
- Tendon: structure that attaches muscle to bone
- Aponeurosis: broad, flat connective tissue connecting muscle to another muscle or bone
- Origin: less movable attachment of a muscle
- Insertion: more movable attachment of a muscle
Miscellaneous Terms
- Cross bridge: connection between myosin head and actin filament during contraction
- Sliding filament theory: concept that actin filaments slide past myosin filaments during muscle contraction without changing length
- Myoglobin: oxygen-storing protein within muscle cells, ensuring adequate oxygen supply during activity
- Titin: elastic protein that maintains alignment of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere
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Test your knowledge of the muscular system with these flashcards. Learn about the different muscle types and the connective tissues that surround muscle fibers. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
