Muscular System - Fill in the Blank

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Questions and Answers

What is the perineum and where is it located?

The perineum is a diamond-shaped area located inferior to the pelvic diaphragm.

What separates the muscles of the thigh that act on the femur and leg bones?

The deep fascia, known as the intermuscular septum, separates these muscles into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments.

What is the function of the epicranial aponeurosis?

The epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) holds together the two muscular portions that cover the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull.

Name the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle and their locations.

The occipitofrontalis has a frontal belly located anteriorly and an occipital belly located posteriorly. Signup and view all the answers

What are extraocular muscles and their primary function?

Extraocular muscles are muscles that move the eyeballs, originating outside the eyeballs and inserting on the sclera. Signup and view all the answers

List the pairs of extraocular muscles and their primary movements.

The superior and inferior recti move the eye up and down, while the lateral and medial recti move it side to side. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are involved in moving the eye up and down?

The superior and inferior recti muscles are responsible for moving the eye up and down. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the contraction characteristics of extraocular muscles.

Extraocular muscles are among the fastest contracting and most precisely controlled skeletal muscles in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the prime mover during muscle contraction?

The prime mover, or agonist, contracts to cause an action. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the muscle that acts as the antagonist to the biceps brachii during forearm flexion.

The triceps brachii acts as the antagonist. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the superior and inferior oblique muscles in eye movement?

The superior oblique moves the eyeballs inferiorly and laterally, while the inferior oblique moves them superiorly and laterally. Signup and view all the answers

Name the four pairs of muscles that make up the anterolateral abdominal wall.

The external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the levator palpebrae superioris muscle functions in relation to the eyelids.

The levator palpebrae superioris raises the upper eyelids, thereby opening the eyes. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the strongest muscle of mastication and its primary role.

The masseter is the strongest muscle of mastication, primarily responsible for closing the jaw. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the orientation of the fascicles in the internal abdominal oblique muscle.

The fascicles of the internal abdominal oblique extend at right angles to those of the external abdominal oblique. Signup and view all the answers

List the muscles involved in mastication and their collective function.

The muscles involved are the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid, and they mainly assist in chewing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the transversus abdominis muscle?

Its primary function is to compress the abdominal contents. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles play during mastication?

The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles assist in moving the mandible side to side to grind food and can also protrude the mandible. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the external abdominal oblique muscle?

The external abdominal oblique is superficial, with its fascicles extending inferiorly and medially. Signup and view all the answers

What role do intercostal muscles play in respiration?

Intercostal muscles aid in breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the mnemonic 'Teeny Mice Make Petite Little Prints' and its significance.

The mnemonic represents the muscles of mastication: Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, and Lateral Pterygoid. Signup and view all the answers

How do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles differ in their functions?

The medial pterygoid primarily helps in closing the jaw, while the lateral pterygoid primarily functions to protract the mandible. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle extends the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall?

The rectus abdominis extends the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris muscles?

The orbicularis oculi closes the eyes, while the levator palpebrae superioris raises the upper eyelids, making them antagonistic to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during inhalation?

They elevate the ribs to help expand the thoracic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the orientation of the fibers of internal intercostal muscles.

The fibers run at right angles to the external intercostals, in an oblique direction interiorly and posteriorly. Signup and view all the answers

What role do internal intercostals play during forced exhalation?

They draw adjacent ribs together, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the muscle that is considered the most important for breathing.

The diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic can help remember the action of the external intercostals?

Singing 'Old MacDonald had a farm, E, I, E, I, O'. Signup and view all the answers

How do the fibers of the external intercostals differ in direction from those of the internal intercostals?

External intercostals run anteriorly and inferiorly, while internal intercostals run posteriorly and inferiorly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall purpose of the intercostal muscles in relation to breathing?

They assist in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during breathing. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do the external and internal intercostal muscles complement each other?

External intercostals aid inhalation while internal intercostals facilitate exhalation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue play in its movement?

The extrinsic muscles move the entire tongue in various directions such as anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally. Signup and view all the answers

Name the extrinsic muscle of the tongue that pulls it downward and forward.

The genioglossus muscle. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the extrinsic muscle responsible for raising the back portion of the tongue.

The palatoglossus muscle. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the tongue in relation to digestion?

The tongue assists in mastication, detection of taste, and deglutition. Signup and view all the answers

How do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue differ from the extrinsic muscles?

Intrinsic muscles originate and insert within the tongue, allowing for fine movements, while extrinsic muscles attach from outside the tongue and move it as a whole. Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle, and what is its function?

The hyoglossus muscle originates from the hyoid bone and function to pull the tongue downward and flatten it. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles assist in deglutition in the anterior neck, and what is their primary function?

The suprahyoid muscles assist in deglutition by elevating the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, and the tongue. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the tongue's attachments in relation to its mobility.

The tongue's attachments to the mandible, styloid process, and hyoid bone greatly enhance its mobility. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Perineum

A diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Contains the external anal sphincter, closely adhering to the skin

Muscles of the Thigh

Divided into medial, anterior, and posterior compartments by the deep fascia
Each compartment contains muscles that act on the femur, tibia, and fibula

Muscles of the Head

Epicranial Aponeurosis/Galea Aponeurotica: Holds the two muscular portions covering the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull
Facial Muscles: Produce facial expressions
- Occipitofrontalis:
  - Frontalis: Anterior belly, superficial to the frontal bone
  - Occipitalis: Posterior belly, superficial to the occipital bone
Extraocular Muscles: Move the eyeballs
- Originate outside the eyeballs, within the orbit
- Insert on the outer surface of the sclera
- Three pairs:
  - Superior and inferior recti (move the eye up and down)
  - Lateral and medial recti (move the eye side to side)
  - Superior and inferior obliques (move the eyeballs inferiorly and laterally)
Levator Palpebrae Superioris: Raises the upper eyelid, opening the eye
- Antagonist to the orbicularis oculi, which closes the eyes.

Muscles that Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech

Muscles of Mastication: Move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ):
- Masseter: Strongest muscle of mastication
- Temporalis: Strong closer of the jaw
- Medial Pterygoid: Assists in chewing by grinding food
- Lateral Pterygoid: Protracts (protrudes) the mandible
Mnemonic: "Teeny Mice Make Petite Little Prints" (Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, Lateral Pterygoid)

Muscles that Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech

Tongue: Vital for digestion (mastication, taste, deglutition) and speech
Extrinsic Tongue Muscles: Originate outside the tongue and attach to it
- Move the entire tongue in various directions
Intrinsic Tongue Muscles: Originate and insert within the tongue.
- Create intricate movements of the tongue for speech and swallowing
- Opposing pairs of muscles:
  - Prime mover (agonist): Contracts to cause an action
  - Antagonist: Stretches and yields to the prime mover

Muscles of the Anterior Neck that Assist in Deglutition and Speech

Suprahyoid Muscles: Elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, and tongue during deglutition (swallowing)
Compartment: A group of skeletal muscles, blood vessels, and associated nerves with a common function

Muscles of the Abdomen

Anterolateral Abdominal Wall: Composed of skin, fascia, and four pairs of muscles:
- External Oblique: Superficial, fascicles extend inferiorly and medially
- Internal Oblique: Intermediate flat muscle, fascicles extend at right angles to the external oblique
- Transversus Abdominis: Deep muscle, fascicles directed transversely around the abdominal wall
- Rectus Abdominis: Long muscle extending the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall

Muscles of the Thorax

Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle, the most important muscle for breathing
Intercostal Muscles: Located between intercostal spaces
- External Intercostals: Superficial, fibers run obliquely interiorly and anteriorly
  - Elevate ribs during inhalation, expanding the thoracic cavity
- Internal Intercostals: Intermediate, fibers run obliquely interiorly and posteriorly
  - Draw adjacent ribs together during forced exhalation, decreasing the thoracic cavity
Mnemonic: "Old MacDonald had a farm, E, I, E, I, O" = External Intercostals Elevate during Inhalation, Oh!

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Description

Test your knowledge on the muscles of the head, thigh, and perineum with this quiz. Delve into the anatomy and functions of these crucial muscle groups along with their respective compartments. Perfect for students studying human anatomy.