Muscles and Nerves: Trigeminal Nerve Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What muscle(s) are primarily responsible for the formation of the medial aspect of the nasolabial fold?

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (correct)

Depressor septi nasi

Procerus

Nasalis

What is the functional classification of the trigeminal nerve?

GSA, GVE, SVE

GSA, SVE (correct)

GSA, GSE

GVE, SVE

Which muscle's overactivity is often associated with a "gummy smile"?

Zygomaticus major

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (correct)

Levator anguli oris

Depressor anguli oris

What action does the buccinator muscle perform during chewing?

Presses the cheeks against the teeth (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerve located?

Semilunar ganglion (A), Meckel's cave (C), Trigeminal ganglion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the trigeminal ganglion is TRUE?

It is located in the middle cranial fossa. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Modiolus?

A point where several muscles converge (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron is found in the trigeminal ganglion?

Pseudounipolar neurons (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are NOT part of the circumorbital and palpebral group?

Procerus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle(s) is/are a common target for Botox injections?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a division of the trigeminal nerve?

Facial (VII) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT directly involved in the action of closing the mouth?

Mentalis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of innervation is provided by the trigeminal nerve to the muscles of mastication?

Motor (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the danger triangle of the face?

Infection in this area can spread to the cavernous sinus. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is considered the "muscle of the cheek"?

Buccinator (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for wrinkling the skin over the bridge of the nose?

Procerus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves provides motor innervation to the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal (IX) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the orbicularis oris muscle?

Elevating the upper lip (D) Signup and view all the answers

What branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V1) provides sensory innervation to the medial upper eyelid, medial conjunctiva, and the superior aspect of the nose?

Infratrochlear nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which two branches of the ophthalmic nerve exit the orbit via different pathways?

Supraorbital nerve and Supratrochlear nerve (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is commonly associated with chronic frontal migraines if entrapped or compressed?

Supratrochlear nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the lateral upper eyelid and lateral conjunctiva?

Lacrimal nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening through which the maxillary nerve (V2) leaves the cranial cavity?

Foramen rotundum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the maxillary nerve (V2) is responsible for providing sensory innervation the skin over the cheek and lateral aspect of the nose?

Zygomaticofacial nerve (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening through which the zygomatic nerve exits the orbit?

Inferior orbital fissure (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following branches of the maxillary nerve (V2) is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek?

Infraorbital nerve (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the superior cervical ganglion in salivary gland innervation?

It serves as a relay point for postganglionic sympathetic fibers that originate from the lateral horn of the spinal cord. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands primarily results in:

Decreased saliva production, leading to a thicker, viscous secretion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical structures is responsible for relaying postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the salivary glands?

External carotid artery (ECA) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin of preganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate salivary glands?

They originate from the lateral horn of the spinal cord, specifically segments T1-T2. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands, unlike sympathetic innervation, primarily results in:

Increased saliva production with a watery consistency. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SMAS (Superficial Musculo-Aponeurotic System) in relation to the facial nerve?

The SMAS provides a pathway for the facial nerve branches to travel superficially as they move medially. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features is NOT directly associated with the buccal fat pad?

Providing structural support for the parotid gland. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the information provided, what is a key distinction between other facial fat and the buccal fat pad, in terms of their behavior with age?

The buccal fat pad, unlike other facial fat, is more resistant to the effects of aging and does not significantly decrease in size or shape over time. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement regarding the role of the SMAS in relation to facial expressions and emotions.

The SMAS provides a passive framework supporting the muscles of facial expression, allowing them to move freely and create expressions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the tympanic plexus and the lesser petrosal nerve?

The tympanic plexus is a convergence point for preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that ultimately form the lesser petrosal nerve. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

To increase the production of saliva, facilitating digestion. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the lesser petrosal nerve and the otic ganglion?

The otic ganglion serves as a relay point for preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried by the lesser petrosal nerve. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the auriculotemporal nerve in parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

The auriculotemporal nerve serves as a conduit for postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the pathway of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from their origin to the otic ganglion?

Inferior salivatory nucleus → tympanic nerve → lesser petrosal nerve → otic ganglion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the foramen ovale in the context of the glossopharyngeal nerve and parasympathetic innervation?

The foramen ovale is the exit point for the lesser petrosal nerve to reach the otic ganglion, carrying preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which structure is NOT directly involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

Facial nerve (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the overall flow of parasympathetic signals related to parotid gland function?

Inferior salivatory nucleus → tympanic nerve → lesser petrosal nerve → otic ganglion → auriculotemporal nerve → parotid gland. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Superficial Face Anatomy

The superficial face is comprised of facial features, muscles of facial expression, perfusion and drainage patterns, the parotid gland, and its innervation.
Skin landmarks include the glabella, philtrum, nasolabial folds, mentolabial folds/sulcus, labial commissure, oral fissure, and nasal ala.

Learning Objectives

List the muscles of facial expression and describe their actions: Understand the significance of these muscles in controlling orbital, nasal, and oral openings, and the role of the SMAS.
Detail the trigeminal nerve's divisions: Describe the axons, foramina traveled through, branches supplying sensation to the superficial face. Also, note their relationships with other structures.
Define trigeminal and geniculate ganglia: Understand their specific functions and definitions.
Describe the pathway of the facial nerve through the skull: Outline its path from the brain, its exit from the skull, and the naming of its branches to the face.
Describe the external carotid artery branches and internal jugular tributaries: Describe their branching patterns and contributions to facial blood supply and venous drainage.
Identify the parotid gland and duct: Determine the location of these structures and, importantly, the structures that pass through the gland, along with the autonomic innervation.

Facial Features overview

Facial features and fascia
Muscles of facial expression
Perfusion and drainage patterns
Parotid gland
Innervation

Facial Muscles of Expression

Lie within superficial fascia.
Originate from bone (or deep fascia) and insert into skin (or other facial muscles).
Anchored to skin via SMAS.
Exhibit emotion and control facial openings (sphincters).
Innervated by branches of the facial nerve.
Organized into groups: epicranial, circumorbital & palpebral, nasal, and buccolabial.

Muscles of Facial Expression (specific groups)

Epicranial group: occipitofrontalis & temporoparietalis.
Circumorbital & palpebral group: orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii & levator palpebrae superioris.
Nasal group: procerus, nasalis & dilator naris anterior.
Buccalabial group: elevators, evertors, depressors of the lips, orbicularis oris & buccinator.
- Zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, risorius, depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris, mentalis.
Buccinator muscles: chewing/expelling air from cheeks during activities like blowing or chewing, and speaking
Platysma

Additional Facial Muscles (not facial expression)

Masseter
Temporalis

Parotid Gland

Largest salivary gland.
Location: anterior to the external ear, superficial to the masseter muscle/ramus of the mandible, extends between zygomatic arch & angle of mandible.
Structures passing through the parotid gland: facial nerve proper & its branches, auriculotemporal nerve, external carotid artery, superficial temporal vessels, transverse facial vessels, maxillary vessels, and retromandibular vein.
Salivary gland neoplasms account for 2-6% of head & neck neoplasms. Most (80-90%) are benign. Treatment is typically parotidectomy (total or partial).

Mumps

Viral infection affecting major salivary glands.
Initial symptoms similar to the flu, swelling of the glands is the key symptom.
Prevention via MMR vaccine (~86% effective).

Parotid Duct

Also called Stenson's duct.
Travels over the masseter muscle.
Opens into the oral cavity at the parotid papilla.

Facial Blood Supply and Venous Drainage

Blood Supply: Predominantly from branches of the external carotid artery (ECA). Includes superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries, some contributions from internal carotid artery (ICA).
Branches of Facial A.: Superior & inferior labial arteries, angular artery.
Superficial temporal artery and transverse facial artery.
Venous Drainage: Facial vein continues as angular vein, joining with ophthalmic veins (entering the cavernous sinus). The retromandibular vein merges with the superior and inferior divisions. Retromandibular vein empties into the internal jugular or external jugular regions.
Danger Triangle: Region on the face that if infected, cavernous sinus infection is possible. Covers area from upper lip to bridge of nose.

Facial Nerve Innervation

Key concept: provides motor innervation to muscles of facial expression (SVE).
Arise from pons/geniculate ganglion.
6 main branches; Posterior auricular, Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, and Cervical.
Posterior Auricular: does NOT enter parotid gland
Temporal branches: Frontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii
Zygomatic branches: Orbicularis oculi, Zygomaticus major & minor
Buccal branches: Orbicularis oris, buccinator, risorius.
Mandibular branches: Mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris.
Cervical branches: Platysma.

Trigeminal Nerve

Largest cranial nerve (CN V) found pons; trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion in middle cranial fossa.
Sensory components: involved in sensation of face (GSA), & motor in mastication (SVE)
Three divisions from the ganglion; Ophthalmic V1, Maxillary V2, and Mandibular V3.
Ophthalmic V1: exits via superior orbital fissure, branches include nasociliary, frontal, and lacrimal.
Maxillary V2: exits via foramen rotundum, branches include zygomatic nerve (zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal), and infraorbital nerve.
Mandibular V3: exits via foramen ovale, branches include mental nerve, buccal nerve, and auriculotemporal nerve.
no direct parasympathetic fibers.

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Arise from the medulla exits via jugular foramen.
Functional components: GSA, GVA, SVE, GVE, SVA.
GVE originates as fibers from inferior salivary nucleus.
Innervates, the parotid gland.
Lesser petrosal nerve: travels through foramen ovale; carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion; postganglionic fibers innervate parotid gland.
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves from lateral horn of T1-T2 hitchhike on ECA branches to reach the gland.
Important branches include lesser petrosal, tympanic, lingual and pharyngeal nerves

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Description

Explore the anatomy and functions of the trigeminal nerve and associated facial muscles in this quiz. Test your knowledge on the medial aspect of the nasolabial fold, the implications of muscle overactivity, and the sensory neuron locations. Perfect for students of anatomy and neuroscience.