Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve
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Questions and Answers

Which division of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for motor function?

  • Maxillary (V2)
  • Mandibular (V3) (correct)
  • Facial Nerve (VII)
  • Ophthalmic (V1)

What is the main function of the temporalis muscle?

  • Protrudes the mandible
  • Retracts and elevates the mandible (correct)
  • Depresses the mandible
  • Rotates the mandible

Which boundary is located posteriorly and superiorly in the temporal fossa?

  • Zygomatic arch
  • Inferior temporal line
  • Frontal bone
  • Superior temporal line (correct)

Which foramen does the maxillary nerve (V2) pass through?

<p>Foramen rotundum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is located medially and caudally to the zygomatic arch?

<p>Infratemporal fossa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily associated with the temporalis muscle?

<p>Temporal artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the temporal fossa?

<p>Temporal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located posterior to the infratemporal fossa?

<p>Pterygoid process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

<p>Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily associated with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae?

<p>Maxillary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the coronoid process of the mandible?

<p>Attachment for the temporalis muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the sphenoid bone to the mandible?

<p>Sphenomandibular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the submandibular gland?

<p>Secretes saliva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is involved in the acoustic function of the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Articular eminence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve transmits the mental nerve?

<p>Inferior alveolar nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the submandibular duct (Wharton's duct) associated with?

<p>Lingual nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action performed by the lateral pterygoid muscle?

<p>Protrusion and side-to-side movements of the mandible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the submandibular gland is grooved by the facial artery?

<p>Superficial part (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is NOT a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

<p>Maxillary nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of saliva produced by the submandibular glands?

<p>It lubricates the food bolus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle originates from the zygomatic arch?

<p>Masseter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located posterior to the pterygoid plate?

<p>Carotid sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves provides sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

<p>Lingual nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies much of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity?

<p>Maxillary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the masseter muscle?

<p>Elevation and retraction of the mandible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is found in the infratemporal fossa?

<p>pterygoid venous plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pterygopalatine fossa is primarily bordered by which structure laterally?

<p>Pterygomaxillary fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor function of the mylohyoid muscle?

<p>Mylohyoid nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of the temporalis muscle in relation to the temporal fossa?

<p>Attached below the inferior temporal line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the structure that separates the infratemporal fossa from the temporal fossa.

<p>Zygomatic arch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the pterygopalatine fossa in relation to the infratemporal fossa?

<p>It's significantly deeper than the infratemporal fossa (A), It's located medial to the infratemporal fossa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the mandibular nerve (V3) within the infratemporal fossa?

<p>Conveying both sensory and motor functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a content of the temporal fossa?

<p>Mandibular nerve (V3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which boundary is located inferiorly in the temporal fossa?

<p>Infratemporal crest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the temporalis muscle?

<p>Elevating and retracting the mandible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure primarily supplies the temporalis muscle?

<p>Deep temporal nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the medial pterygoid muscle?

<p>Elevation of the mandible (B), Side-to-side movements of the mandible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides general sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

<p>Lingual nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the infratemporal fossa, which structure is NOT typically found?

<p>Facial artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the masseter muscle?

<p>Elevation of the mandible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily aids in the opening of the mouth?

<p>Lateral pterygoid muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the otic ganglion?

<p>Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located anterior to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid?

<p>Pterygopalatine fossa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries primarily supply the muscles of mastication?

<p>Maxillary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which boundary is part of the floor of the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>Palatine bone - pyramidal process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is motor to the muscles responsible for mastication?

<p>Mandibular nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches directly from the maxillary artery within the pterygopalatine fossa?

<p>Sphenopalatine artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the deep petrosal nerve?

<p>Convey postsynaptic sympathetic fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the articulating condyle of the mandible make contact with?

<p>Articular eminence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are classified as extracapsular ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for transmitting the inferior dental neurovascular bundle?

<p>Mandibular foramen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the mandible serves as the attachment point for the temporalis muscle?

<p>Coronoid process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of the submandibular duct?

<p>It opens on either side of the frenulum beneath the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the innervation of the submandibular gland?

<p>It is innervated by both the cervical branch of VII and the marginal mandibular branch of VII (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the submandibular gland is primarily responsible for salivary production?

<p>Superficial part of the gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of saliva produced by the submandibular glands?

<p>To assist in digestion and maintain oral hygiene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infratemporal fossa

A deep fossa located medial and caudal to the zygomatic arch.

Temporal fossa boundaries

The temporal fossa is bordered superiorly and posteriorly by the superior and inferior temporal lines, anteriorly by the frontal and zygomatic bones, laterally by the zygomatic arch, and inferiorly by the infratemporal crest.

Temporalis muscle

A mastication muscle that elevates and retracts the mandible (closes and pulls back the jaw).

V3 (mandibular nerve)

A branch of the trigeminal nerve that is characterized by sensory and motor functions, including supplying the muscles of mastication.

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Maxillary artery

An artery that supplies the infratemporal fossa with blood.

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Pterygopalatine fossa

A fossa that is medial to the infratemporal fossa, anterior to the pterygoid process. It's connected with the maxillary nerve (V2).

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Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

Motor and sensory division of trigeminal nerve responsible for parts of the face, including the muscles of mastication.

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Trigeminal Nerve Divisions

The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3).

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Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

A muscle that originates from the lateral pterygoid plate and inserts into the mandible, TMJ, and joint capsule, responsible for mandible protrusion and side-to-side movement.

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Medial Pterygoid Muscle

A muscle originating from the medial pterygoid plate and maxilla tuberosity, inserting onto the medial side of the mandibular ramus, responsible for jaw closing, side-to-side movement, and protrusion.

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Masseter Muscle

Muscle that originates from the zygomatic arch, inserting onto the mandible, responsible for closing the mouth and pulling mandible backward.

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Mandibular Nerve (Motor)

Branch of the trigeminal nerve, controlling muscles for chewing (Masseter, Temporalis, Pterygoids) and floor of mouth muscles.

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Auriculotemporal Nerve

Branch of the mandibular nerve, carrying sensory information from the temple region and parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland.

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Inferior Alveolar Nerve

Branch of the mandibular nerve, providing sensory function to the lower teeth and associated gums.

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Lingual Nerve

Branch of the mandibular nerve; carrying sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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Pterygoid Plexus

Network of veins draining areas supplied by the maxillary artery. Connected to the cavernous sinus.

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Pterygopalatine Ganglion

Ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa, part of the autonomic nervous system.

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Greater Petrosal Nerve

A branch of the facial nerve carrying preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion.

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Deep Petrosal Nerve

A sympathetic nerve arising from the internal carotid artery, delivering postsynaptic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion.

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Sphenopalatine Artery

A branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the nasal cavity and palate.

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Infraorbital Artery

A branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the lower eyelid, cheek, and upper teeth.

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Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

The only movable joint in the skull, connecting the mandible to the temporal bone.

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Mandibular Condyle

The rounded projection at the end of the mandibular ramus that articulates with the temporal bone.

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Coronoid Process

A triangular projection on the anterior aspect of the mandibular ramus, serving as an attachment point for the temporalis muscle.

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Sphenomandibular Ligament

A ligament that runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible, providing stability to the temporomandibular joint.

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Trigeminal Nerve (V)

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and has three branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). It's responsible for sensory and motor functions in the face.

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Mandibular Division (V3)

The third and largest branch of the trigeminal nerve. It's responsible for sensory and motor functions to parts of the face, including the muscles of mastication.

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Mylohyoid Muscle

A muscle that forms the floor of the mouth. It helps with swallowing and speech.

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Submandibular Gland

A salivary gland located below the jaw, responsible for producing saliva and secreting it through the submandibular duct.

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What is the 'MAIL' mnemonic used for?

The mnemonic 'MAIL' helps remember the branches of the mandibular nerve (V3) that are motor. These branches include the Mylohyoid nerve, Auriculotemporal nerve, Inferior Alveolar nerve, and Lingual nerve.

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What does the mandibular nerve control?

The mandibular nerve (V3) of the Trigeminal nerve controls both motor and sensory functions of the lower face. It supplies the muscles of mastication, and also provides sensory innervation to teeth, gums, and part of the tongue.

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What does the Pterygoid Plexus do?

The Pterygoid Plexus is a network of veins that drains the areas supplied by the maxillary artery. An important connection exists between these veins and the cavernous sinus, allowing for potential spread of infection.

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What is the Pterygopalatine Fossa?

Located medial to the infratemporal fossa, and anterior to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, the Pterygopalatine fossa is a small space that contains important structures like the maxillary nerve (V2) and the pterygopalatine ganglion.

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What does the Pterygopalatine Ganglion do?

The Pterygopalatine Ganglion is a collection of nerve cells within the Pterygopalatine Fossa. It plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, regulating functions like salivation and nasal secretions.

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What is the Maxillary Artery?

The Maxillary Artery is a major blood vessel that travels through the Infratemporal Fossa. It supplies blood to the nasal cavity, the roof of the oral cavity, and the muscles of mastication.

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What nerve passes through the Foramen Spinosum?

The Middle Meningeal Artery (a branch of the Maxillary Artery) passes through the Foramen Spinosum.

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What is the Middle Meningeal Artery?

The Middle Meningeal Artery is a branch of the Maxillary Artery that supplies blood to the dura mater (the tough outer layer covering the brain). It's important to remember because damage to this artery can cause an epidural hematoma.

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Temporomandibular Joint

The joint that connects the mandible (lower jaw) to the temporal bone, allowing for chewing and speaking.

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Condyle

The rounded part of the mandible that fits into the temporal bone in the temporomandibular joint.

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Mandibular Foramen

An opening on the medial side of the mandible that allows the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels to pass through.

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Alveolar Process

The part of the mandible that holds the teeth.

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Mental Foramen

An opening on the mandible that allows the mental nerve to pass through.

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Study Notes

Temple, Infratemporal Fossa & TMJ

  • Lecture date: 24-11-2024
  • Class: MED Year 2, Semester 1
  • Lecturer: DR. VIJAYALAKSHMI S B

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe the osteology and movement of the TMJ
  • Identify the muscles of mastication
  • Define the boundaries of the temporal fossa and describe its contents
  • Describe the infratemporal fossa, V3 (mandibular nerve) and maxillary artery
  • Describe the pterygopalatine fossa and V2 (maxillary nerve)
  • Identify mylohyoid and its attachments
  • Describe the submandibular gland and duct
  • Describe the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the submandibular region

Trigeminal Nerve Divisions

  • Ophthalmic (V1): Sensory, Superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary (V2): Sensory, Foramen rotundum, Pterygopalatine fossa
  • Mandibular (V3): Sensory, Motor (1st Branchial arch), Foramen ovale, Infratemporal fossa

Temporal Fossa

  • Boundaries: Superior temporal line, Inferior temporal line, Frontal and zygomatic bones, Zygomatic arch, Infratemporal crest
  • Contents: Deep temporal arteries, Middle meningeal artery, Auriculotemporal nerve, Pterygoid artery, Artery to Masseter, Inferior alveolar artery, Superficial temporal artery

Temporalis Muscle

  • Large muscle of mastication
  • Fan-shaped
  • Attaches below the inferior temporal line
  • Floor of temporal fossa and coronoid process of the mandible
  • Elevates and retracts mandible
  • Supplied by deep temporal nerves (mandibular nerve) and vessels

Infratemporal Fossa Boundaries

  • Lateral: Condyle and ramus of the mandible
  • Medial: Lateral pterygoid plate, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  • Anterior: Posterior border of the maxillary sinus
  • Posterior: Carotid sheath
  • Roof: Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
  • Floor: Medial pterygoid muscle

Infratemporal Fossa Contents

  • Lateral pterygoid muscle
  • Medial pterygoid muscle
  • Sphenomandibular ligament
  • Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and its branches (Auriculotemporal, Inferior alveolar, Nerve to mylohyoid, Lingual nerves)
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
  • Chorda tympani
  • Otic ganglion
  • Maxillary artery
  • Pterygoid venous plexus

Lateral Pterygoid

  • Arises from the lateral aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate, Greater wing of sphenoid
  • Inserts into the neck of mandible, the articular disc in the TMJ and the capsule of the joint
  • Action: Protrusion and side-to-side movements of the mandible

Medial Pterygoid

  • Originates from the medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate, Tuberosity of the maxilla
  • Inserts onto the medial side of the mandibular ramus
  • Actions: Elevation (closes the mouth), side-to-side movements and protrusion of the mandible

Masseter

  • Originates from the zygomatic arch
  • Inserts onto the lateral side of the mandibular ramus
  • V3 Masseteric nerve
  • Masseteric artery (branch of maxillary)
  • Elevation (closes the mouth), retraction of the mandible

Mandibular Nerve (Motor)

  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Pterygoids (Lateral & Medial)
  • Floor of the mouth muscles (Mylohyoid, Anterior belly of digastric)
  • Smaller muscles (Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini)

Pterygopalatine Fossa

  • Deeper and medial to the infratemporal fossa
  • Anterior to the pterygoid process of sphenoid
  • Boundaries: Palatine bone, Perpendicular plate, Sphenoid, Maxilla, Palatine bone, Pterygomaxillary fissure

Pterygopalatine Fossa Connections

  • Sphenopalatine foramen, nasal cavity
  • Inferior orbital fissure, floor of orbit
  • Pterygomaxillary fissure, infratemporal fossa
  • Pterygoid canal
  • Foramen rotundum, middle cranial fossa
  • Palatine canal, roof of oral cavity (palate)

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

  • Contains: Nasal nerves, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pharyngeal nerve, Palatovaginal canal, Foramen rotundum, Pterygoid canal, Palatine canal
  • Provides parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa.

Submandibular Gland

  • Two parts: superficial and deep
  • Grooved by facial artery.
  • Inferior surface
  • Marginal mandibular branch of VII
  • Nodes on/in gland
  • Curls round posterior border of mylohyoid
  • Passes forward between mylohyoid and hyoglossus
  • Duct opens either side of frenulum, beneath tongue
  • Duct is lateral then medial to the lingual nerve

Submandibular Gland Pathology

  • Duct blocked/Stones
  • Tumors (Adenoma-benign, Adenocarcinoma-malignant)
  • Lymph node pathology (Enlarged in infection, metastases)

Lymphatic Drainage

  • Know how to examine cervical lymph nodes (Pre-auricular/parotid, Submental, Submandibular, Omohyoid, Jugulo-omohyoid, Occipital, Mastoid, Jugulodigastric, Superficial cervical, Internal jugular vein, Deep cervical, External jugular vein)

Temporomandibular Joint

  • The only movable joint in the skull
  • Articular eminence, Mandibular fossa, Condyle, Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Mandible Osteology

  • Condyle, Neck, Ramus, Angle, Mandibular notch, Coronoid process, Body

More Mandible Landmarks

  • Condyle articulates with the skull
  • Coronoid process attachment for temporalis muscle
  • Ramus attachment for masseter and medial pterygoid muscles
  • Mandibular foramen transmits the inferior dental neurovascular bundle
  • Alveolar process = tooth-bearing area
  • Mental foramen transmits the mental nerve

Temporomandibular joint – extracapsular ligaments

  • Sphenomandibular ligament (From the spine of the sphenoid to the lingula of the mandible)
  • Stylomandibular ligament (From the styloid process to the mandible)

Temporomandibular joint – movements

  • Protrusion (Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid)
  • Retraction (posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, and geniohyoid and digastric)
  • Depression (gravity, temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles)
  • Elevation (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions related to the trigeminal nerve and its branches. This quiz covers critical aspects such as the motor functions, associated muscles, and anatomical boundaries. Enhance your understanding of these structures in the context of cranial anatomy.

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