Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of muscle is primarily used by fish when swimming at slower speeds?
What type of muscle is primarily used by fish when swimming at slower speeds?
Which fish is known to have predominantly red muscle?
Which fish is known to have predominantly red muscle?
What is the primary function of white muscle in fish?
What is the primary function of white muscle in fish?
Which muscle type has a higher oxygen demand due to its oxidative fibers?
Which muscle type has a higher oxygen demand due to its oxidative fibers?
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What adaptation allows tuna to avoid suffocation when swimming at their minimum required speed?
What adaptation allows tuna to avoid suffocation when swimming at their minimum required speed?
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What percentage of muscle mass in most fish is composed of white muscle?
What percentage of muscle mass in most fish is composed of white muscle?
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What characterizes sedentary fish species in terms of muscle composition?
What characterizes sedentary fish species in terms of muscle composition?
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What function do capillaries serve in red muscle?
What function do capillaries serve in red muscle?
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What primary role do tube worms play in deep sea vent ecosystems?
What primary role do tube worms play in deep sea vent ecosystems?
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How do vent animals cope with high levels of hydrogen sulfide?
How do vent animals cope with high levels of hydrogen sulfide?
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What is the significance of the trophosome within tube worms?
What is the significance of the trophosome within tube worms?
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What factor mainly limits the biomass in deep sea vent communities?
What factor mainly limits the biomass in deep sea vent communities?
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Which organism is not considered a primary consumer in the deep sea vent ecosystem?
Which organism is not considered a primary consumer in the deep sea vent ecosystem?
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What is the dispersal mechanism for tube worm larvae in deep sea vents?
What is the dispersal mechanism for tube worm larvae in deep sea vents?
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How do high metabolic rates benefit organisms in deep sea vent ecosystems?
How do high metabolic rates benefit organisms in deep sea vent ecosystems?
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What is a common feature of the environment where deep sea vent communities exist?
What is a common feature of the environment where deep sea vent communities exist?
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What percentage of red muscles do migratory fish species typically have?
What percentage of red muscles do migratory fish species typically have?
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What happens to the oxygen carrying capacity of seawater as temperature increases?
What happens to the oxygen carrying capacity of seawater as temperature increases?
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What effect does increased acidity of water have on fish gills?
What effect does increased acidity of water have on fish gills?
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What is the term 'pejus' used to describe in the context of fish growth?
What is the term 'pejus' used to describe in the context of fish growth?
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How does increasing temperature affect the metabolic rate of fish?
How does increasing temperature affect the metabolic rate of fish?
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What is the expected consequence for fish growth as water temperatures rise?
What is the expected consequence for fish growth as water temperatures rise?
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What happens when fish swim in cold water regarding their growth rate?
What happens when fish swim in cold water regarding their growth rate?
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What could be a potential outcome for fish populations by the end of the century due to temperature changes?
What could be a potential outcome for fish populations by the end of the century due to temperature changes?
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What triggers the hypothalamus to release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)?
What triggers the hypothalamus to release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)?
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What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?
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What type of movement towards the kinocilium results in an excitatory response in lateral line hair cells?
What type of movement towards the kinocilium results in an excitatory response in lateral line hair cells?
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How do glucocorticoids influence gene expression?
How do glucocorticoids influence gene expression?
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Which of the following terms describes the transformation of acoustic energy into heat energy?
Which of the following terms describes the transformation of acoustic energy into heat energy?
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What happens to glucocorticoid levels at the beginning of the active phase?
What happens to glucocorticoid levels at the beginning of the active phase?
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What are the main sound receptors found in the cranium of fishes?
What are the main sound receptors found in the cranium of fishes?
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Which of the following is NOT a role played by glucocorticoids?
Which of the following is NOT a role played by glucocorticoids?
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Which structure is connected to the ears in some fishes, aiding in sound perception?
Which structure is connected to the ears in some fishes, aiding in sound perception?
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What term is used for sounds produced by animals or phenomena like earthquakes?
What term is used for sounds produced by animals or phenomena like earthquakes?
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How much of the genome can glucocorticoids regulate?
How much of the genome can glucocorticoids regulate?
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What factor can influence which genes are upregulated or downregulated by glucocorticoids?
What factor can influence which genes are upregulated or downregulated by glucocorticoids?
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In which area are the otolith organs located over hair cells?
In which area are the otolith organs located over hair cells?
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During what season are glucocorticoid levels generally highest?
During what season are glucocorticoid levels generally highest?
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What is the largest otolith within the ear of bony fishes called?
What is the largest otolith within the ear of bony fishes called?
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What is a consequence of high ambient noise levels in aquatic environments?
What is a consequence of high ambient noise levels in aquatic environments?
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What impact do boats have on North Atlantic right whales?
What impact do boats have on North Atlantic right whales?
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Which of the following best describes endocrine disruptors?
Which of the following best describes endocrine disruptors?
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What is the role of Leydig cells in the reproductive system?
What is the role of Leydig cells in the reproductive system?
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How do super-agonists affect hormone receptors?
How do super-agonists affect hormone receptors?
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What effect did the quiet environment after 9/11 have on North Atlantic right whales?
What effect did the quiet environment after 9/11 have on North Atlantic right whales?
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What consequence can endocrine disruptors have on male sand gobies?
What consequence can endocrine disruptors have on male sand gobies?
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Which statement accurately describes antagonists in relation to hormone receptors?
Which statement accurately describes antagonists in relation to hormone receptors?
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What are Sertoli cells responsible for in the reproductive system?
What are Sertoli cells responsible for in the reproductive system?
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Study Notes
Lecture 1
- Terrestrial and aquatic animals use substrates to avoid predation or capture prey
- Hiding under substrates
- Hiding in substrates
- Mimicking substrates
- Animals camouflage themselves in three ways
- Matching the substrate's colour
- Example: Anemone shrimp
- Matching the substrate's structure
- Example: Stonefish
- Combining colour and structure
- Example: Flounder and cigar wrasses
- Matching the substrate's colour
- Crypsis: blending into surroundings using camouflage as a mechanism
- Animals can reduce visibility by manipulating or reflecting light to reduce contrast and highlight
- Some animals are fully transparent to minimize light scattering and reflection
- Transparency is the only crypsis method involving the entirety of an organism
- Transparency requires every organ to be transparent
- Can be partial or complete
Lecture 2
- Bioluminescence: the creation of light by a living organism
- Bioluminescence is an energy efficient process producing cold light (not heat)
- 80% of bioluminescent organisms are marine
- Bioluminescence can be used for
- Defence (startling predators)
- Misdirection (distracting predators)
- Luring prey
- Mate attraction
Lecture 3
- High pressure, absence of light, cold temperatures, lack of current are challenges in the deep sea
- Protein structures, cellular membranes, and metabolism need to adapt to these challenges
- Deep sea animals have low metabolic rates and reduced musculature
- Deep sea animals have large mouths and guts for opportunistic eating
- Glycolytic enzymes are indicators of metabolic rate
Lecture 1 (alternative)
- Bony Fishes: are 30,000 diverse species that have existed for 40-50 million years
- Feeding strategies vary tremendously
- Sit-and-wait strategies: ambush predators which use surprise to catch prey
- Active searching and targeting strategies: use red/white muscle to indicate speed and stamina
- Dietary needs vary from plankton to mammals
- Activity patterns are diverse (day or night feeders, migratory or territorial)
- Digestion times, mouth sizes, and sensory capacities influence feeding strategies
Lecture 2 (alternative)
- Chemoreception: the combination of smell (olfaction) and taste senses
- Olfaction: oldest sense, detects molecules in water, use olfactory plumes to detect odors
Lecture 3 (alternative)
- Metabolic scope: in teleost fish (true bony fish), muscle is crucial for biology and conservation
- Teleosts: are most diverse vertebrate species, and have varied habitats, strategies, and sizes
- Muscle structure is often defined by colour: white (fast-twitch) or red (slow-twitch)
- Metabolic rate is linked to muscle function and physical activity: migration, daily movements
- Fish have physical limitations to metabolism: temperature, oxygen, and pressure
Lecture 1 (alternative)
- Understanding the importance of muscle in relation to fish biology
- How fish biology can be used in conservation management, food production, and animal welfare
- Metabolism is the process of biochemical reactions in a living organism
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Description
This quiz explores the various muscle types in fish, particularly focusing on their functions, adaptations, and composition. Additionally, it delves into the unique ecosystems of deep sea vents and the roles of organisms like tube worms. Test your knowledge on how these organisms thrive in extreme conditions.
