Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ______ joint allows rotation due to its uniaxial nature.
The ______ joint allows rotation due to its uniaxial nature.
Pivot
The ______ joint allows movement in multiple directions due to its rounded head fitting into a concavity.
The ______ joint allows movement in multiple directions due to its rounded head fitting into a concavity.
Ball and Socket
The ______ joint allows gliding or sliding movements and is usually uniaxial.
The ______ joint allows gliding or sliding movements and is usually uniaxial.
Plane
The ______ joint permits flexion and extension movements only.
The ______ joint permits flexion and extension movements only.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ joint is a biaxial joint that allows movement in two different planes.
The ______ joint is a biaxial joint that allows movement in two different planes.
Signup and view all the answers
The most superficial layer of the facial anatomy is the ______ layer.
The most superficial layer of the facial anatomy is the ______ layer.
Signup and view all the answers
Beneath the skin layer is the ______ layer, which consists of superficial fat.
Beneath the skin layer is the ______ layer, which consists of superficial fat.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ is the layer responsible for providing structural support and contains muscles.
The ______ is the layer responsible for providing structural support and contains muscles.
Signup and view all the answers
The deepest layer in the facial anatomy is made up of ______.
The deepest layer in the facial anatomy is made up of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ layer is absent on the forehead, highlighting its unique anatomical features.
The ______ layer is absent on the forehead, highlighting its unique anatomical features.
Signup and view all the answers
Circular muscles have fibers arranged in concentric ______.
Circular muscles have fibers arranged in concentric ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The biceps brachii is an example of a ______ muscle.
The biceps brachii is an example of a ______ muscle.
Signup and view all the answers
Flat parallel muscles are often accompanied by a fibrous sheet called an ______.
Flat parallel muscles are often accompanied by a fibrous sheet called an ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Bipennate muscles have fibers that attach obliquely to a central ______.
Bipennate muscles have fibers that attach obliquely to a central ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Unipennate muscles have fibers attached obliquely to a tendon on ______ side only.
Unipennate muscles have fibers attached obliquely to a tendon on ______ side only.
Signup and view all the answers
The deltoid muscle is an example of a ______ muscle.
The deltoid muscle is an example of a ______ muscle.
Signup and view all the answers
Convergent muscles are wide at one end and narrow at the ______.
Convergent muscles are wide at one end and narrow at the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The digastric muscle has two ______ separated by a tendon.
The digastric muscle has two ______ separated by a tendon.
Signup and view all the answers
In the anatomical position, the body is ______.
In the anatomical position, the body is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
In the anatomical position, the palms are facing ______.
In the anatomical position, the palms are facing ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The thumbs point ______ from the body in the anatomical position.
The thumbs point ______ from the body in the anatomical position.
Signup and view all the answers
When a person is laying down face up, they are in the ______ position.
When a person is laying down face up, they are in the ______ position.
Signup and view all the answers
The position where a person is lying face down is called ______.
The position where a person is lying face down is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The biceps brachii is an example of a ______ muscle.
The biceps brachii is an example of a ______ muscle.
Signup and view all the answers
Circular muscles have fibers arranged in concentric ______.
Circular muscles have fibers arranged in concentric ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Bipennate muscles have fibers that attach obliquely to a central ______.
Bipennate muscles have fibers that attach obliquely to a central ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ bone is a flat, thin bone found in the skull, specifically the frontal bone.
The ______ bone is a flat, thin bone found in the skull, specifically the frontal bone.
Signup and view all the answers
In the anatomical position, the body is ______.
In the anatomical position, the body is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
A ______ bone is a small, flat bone located within the sutures of the skull.
A ______ bone is a small, flat bone located within the sutures of the skull.
Signup and view all the answers
The position where a person is lying face down is called ______.
The position where a person is lying face down is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ bone is cube-shaped and is found in the wrist, such as the carpal bones.
The ______ bone is cube-shaped and is found in the wrist, such as the carpal bones.
Signup and view all the answers
An ______ bone, like a vertebra, has a complex shape that allows for flexibility in the spine.
An ______ bone, like a vertebra, has a complex shape that allows for flexibility in the spine.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ bone, such as the patella, is a small, round bone located within a tendon.
The ______ bone, such as the patella, is a small, round bone located within a tendon.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ nerve is found in the posterior part of the leg.
The ______ nerve is found in the posterior part of the leg.
Signup and view all the answers
The tibia is located in the ______ compartment of the right leg.
The tibia is located in the ______ compartment of the right leg.
Signup and view all the answers
Evertor muscles are located in the ______ compartment of the leg.
Evertor muscles are located in the ______ compartment of the leg.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ flexor muscles are found in the medial section of the leg.
The ______ flexor muscles are found in the medial section of the leg.
Signup and view all the answers
Dorsiflexor muscles are located in the ______ compartment of the right leg.
Dorsiflexor muscles are located in the ______ compartment of the right leg.
Signup and view all the answers
The diagram depicts the structure of the human ______ and spinal cord.
The diagram depicts the structure of the human ______ and spinal cord.
Signup and view all the answers
Cervical nerves originate from the upper ______ area.
Cervical nerves originate from the upper ______ area.
Signup and view all the answers
The spinal cord runs down the ______ of the human body.
The spinal cord runs down the ______ of the human body.
Signup and view all the answers
Lumbar nerves originate from the lower-______ area.
Lumbar nerves originate from the lower-______ area.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ nerves are located in the lower-back (sacral) region.
The ______ nerves are located in the lower-back (sacral) region.
Signup and view all the answers
The lowest nerve pair emanating from the coccyx is called the ______ nerve.
The lowest nerve pair emanating from the coccyx is called the ______ nerve.
Signup and view all the answers
The spinal ganglion contains clusters of neuron cell bodies along the ______ cord.
The spinal ganglion contains clusters of neuron cell bodies along the ______ cord.
Signup and view all the answers
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is located in the ______ area.
The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is located in the ______ area.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Muscle Types
- Circular muscles have fibers arranged in concentric rings like a circle. The orbicularis oculi (muscle around the eye) is an example.
- Fusiform muscles are spindle-shaped with a thick center and tapering ends, like the biceps brachii (upper arm muscle).
- Flat parallel muscles have fibers arranged parallel to each other and are often accompanied by a fibrous sheet called an aponeurosis. The external oblique muscles in the abdomen are an example.
- Bipennate muscles have fibers attaching obliquely to a central tendon. The rectus femoris (thigh muscle) is an example.
- Unipennate muscles have fibers attached obliquely to a tendon on one side only. The extensor digitorum longus (lower leg muscle) is an example.
- Multipennate muscles have fibers attaching to a central tendon from multiple angles. The deltoid (shoulder muscle) is an example.
- Convergent muscles are wide at one end and narrow at the other (the fibers converge at the tendon). An example is the pectoralis major (chest muscle).
- Some muscles have tendinous intersections where tendons cross over or merge within the muscle. The rectus abdominis is an example.
- Thin parallel muscles have muscle fibers arranged in a parallel pattern but are slender and flat. The sartorius (thigh muscle) is an example.
- Digastric muscles have two bellies separated by a tendon. The omohyoid is an example.
Facial Anatomy Layers
- The skin (epidermis and dermis) layer is the most superficial.
- The superficial fat (subcutaneous) layer is the second layer from the surface.
- The SMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic system) layer is the third layer from the surface.
- The retaining ligaments and spaces are the fourth layer from the surface.
- The deep fat layer is the fifth layer from the surface and is absent on the forehead.
- The periosteum and deep fascia are the sixth layer from the surface.
- The bones are the deepest layer of facial anatomy.
Joint Types and their Characteristics
- Pivot Joints are uniaxial, allowing rotation. The atlanto-axial joint is an example.
- Ball and Socket Joints are multiaxial, allowing movement in multiple directions. The hip joint is an example.
- Plane Joints are usually uniaxial, allowing gliding or sliding movements. The acromioclavicular joint is an example.
- Hinge Joints are uniaxial, permitting flexion and extension movements only. The elbow joint is an example.
- Saddle Joints are biaxial, allowing movement in two different planes. The carpometacarpal joint is an example.
- Condyloid Joints are biaxial, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. The metacarpophalangeal joint is an example.
Anatomical Position
-
The anatomical position is:
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
- Thumbs point away from the body
- Similar to "standing at attention"
-
Other Positions:
- Supine: Lying down in anatomical position, face up.
- Prone: Face down.
Classification of Bones by Shape
- Flat bones are flat and thin, like the frontal bone of the skull.
- Sutural bones are small, flat bones found within the sutures (joints) of the skull.
- Short bones are small and cube-shaped, like carpal bones in the wrist.
- Irregular bones are complex-shaped, like vertebrae in the spine.
- Sesamoid bones are small, round bones located within a tendon, like the patella (kneecap).
- Long bones are long and cylindrical, like the femur (thigh bone).
Nervous System - Spinal Cord and Brain Diagram
- The brain is the top section of the nervous system, connected to the spinal cord by the brainstem.
- The spinal cord is a long thin structure running down the back.
- Cervical nerves (C1 to C8) originate from the neck area.
- Thoracic nerves (T1 to T12) originate from the upper back.
- Lumbar nerves (L1 to L5) originate from the lower back.
- Sacral nerves (S1 to S5) originate from the sacral region.
- Coccygeal nerve is the lowest nerve pair emanating from the coccyx.
- Cranial nerves (12 pairs) are directly connected to the brain.
- Spinal ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies along the spinal cord containing sensory neurons.
- The cervical enlargement is a wider section of the spinal cord in the neck area.
- The lumbar enlargement is a wider section of the spinal cord in the lower back area.
Anterosuperior View of Right Leg
-
Posterior Compartment:
- Cutaneous nerve
- Fibula
- Deep fascia (outer, circumferential layer)
- Plantar flexor muscles
- Superficial vein
-
Lateral Compartment:
- Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
- Intermuscular septa
- Evertor muscles
- Neurovascular sheath
-
Medial Compartment:
- Long flexor muscles of foot and ankle
- Interosseous membrane
- Tibia
- Deep fascia blended with periosteum of bone
- Investing fascia of muscle
-
Anterior Compartment:
- Dorsiflexor muscles
- Skin
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the different types of muscles in the human body, including circular, fusiform, flat parallel, bipennate, unipennate, multipennate, and convergent muscles. Each type serves a unique function and has distinct structural characteristics. Test your knowledge on these classifications and their examples!
