Muscle Types and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone, released by the parathyroid glands, prompts osteoclasts to resorb bone matrix when blood calcium levels decrease?

  • Growth hormone
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (correct)
  • Calcitonin
  • Thyroxine

    • The dermis is responsible for housing sensory receptors that respond to pressure and pain.

    True

    What connects muscle to bone?

    Tendons

    The primary function of the __________ is to store calcium and provide structural support to the body.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skin layers with their primary functions:

    <p>Epidermis = Protective barrier and water resistance Dermis = Elasticity and strength due to collagen Hypodermis = Insulation and energy storage Reticular layer = Structural support and sensory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is characterized by myogenic activity?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smooth muscle has a striated appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sinoatrial node in cardiac muscle?

    <p>It initiates electrical signals that spread to contract the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected through ______ discs.

    <p>intercalated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscles with their characteristics:

    <p>Skeletal muscle = Voluntary and striated Smooth muscle = Involuntary and non-striated Cardiac muscle = Involuntary and striated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

    <p>Cardiac muscle is striated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle contracts sequentially and does not allow for synchronized contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle tissue is responsible for peristalsis?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoblasts in ossification?

    <p>To secrete osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endochondral ossification occurs directly within fibrous membranes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of ossification mentioned in the content.

    <p>Intramembranous ossification or Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons connect _____ to bones.

    <p>muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bone to their descriptions:

    <p>Flat bones = Developed through intramembranous ossification Long bones = Developed through endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is primarily formed through endochondral ossification?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland plays a role in calcium balance in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ossification, what substance do osteoblasts secrete?

    <p>Osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ serve as vital connections that bridge bones and muscles.

    <p>Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the calcification process in ossification?

    <p>Calcium salts are deposited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the power stroke in the actin-myosin crossbridge cycle?

    <p>Release of ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system only influences voluntary movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two responses orchestrated by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once exposed, the myosin head undergoes a __________.

    <p>power stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its definition:

    <p>Somatic nervous system = Manages voluntary movements Autonomic nervous system = Controls involuntary movements Endoskeleton = Internal skeletal structure Exoskeleton = External skeletal structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the actin-myosin cycle, what happens right after the power stroke?

    <p>ATP binds to the myosin head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tropomyosin must be removed in order for myosin to bind to actin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resets the myosin head to its high-energy position?

    <p>Hydrolysis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human skeleton is referred to as an __________ because it is located internally.

    <p>endoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does acetylcholine play at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>It binds to receptors on the sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>Producing keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stratum granulosum contains live keratinocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for generating melanin?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The upper 20% of the dermis, characterized by upward projections, is known as the ______ region.

    <p>papillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the layers of the epidermis with their key features:

    <p>Stratum corneum = Flattened keratin-producing cells Stratum lucidum = Found in hairless skin Stratum spinosum = Contains Langerhans cells Stratum basale = Site of keratinocyte proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is primarily associated with sensory perception?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reticular region of the dermis is responsible for temperature regulation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the cell type in the epidermis that assists in immune system activation.

    <p>Langerhans cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meissner’s corpuscles, sensitive touch receptors, are located within the ______ of the dermis.

    <p>papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic composition of the dermis?

    <p>Dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Smooth Muscle

    • Facilitates material transport through peristalsis.
    • Lacks organized sarcomeres, unlike skeletal muscle.
    • Displays myogenic activity, contracting without nervous system input.
    • Associated with the concept of a "second brain" in the gut.
    • Non-striated with a single nucleus in each cell.

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Unique to the heart, exhibiting both skeletal and smooth muscle characteristics.
    • Striated and composed of sarcomeres, functioning involuntarily.
    • Each cell contains a single nucleus.
    • Interconnected by intercalated discs, allowing rapid ion flow and swift action potential propagation.
    • Matrix of connected cells enables synchronized contractions without sequential neural signals.
    • Myogenic activity regulates heart rhythm independently of the brain.
    • Electrical signals originate from the sinoatrial (SA) node, spreading across the heart via the atrioventricular (AV) node and Purkinje fibers.

    Muscle Function and Nervous System

    • Governs voluntary movements through the somatic nervous system.
    • Controls involuntary movements (e.g., shivering) via the autonomic nervous system.
    • Autonomic system regulates sympathetic (e.g., dilating blood vessels) and parasympathetic responses.

    Connective Elements in Muscles

    • Bones and their connections provide essential support for muscle function.
    • The human skeleton is an endoskeleton, contrasting with exoskeletons in other organisms.

    Bone Formation and Ossification

    • Intramembranous ossification: Direct formation within fibrous membranes, primarily developing flat bones (e.g., skull bones).
    • Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which mineralizes to hold osteocytes.
    • Endochondral ossification: Indirectly forms long bones via a cartilage model, undergoing calcification to serve as a foundation for bone tissue formation.

    Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage

    • Tendons connect muscles to bones and transmit force for movement.
    • Ligaments connect bones to bones, providing joint stability.

    Skin Structure

    • Epidermis:
      • Composed of five strata housing various cell types:
        • Keratinocytes: Produce keratin for protection.
        • Melanocytes: Generate melanin for UV defense.
        • Langerhans cells: Act as immune system activators.
    • Dermis:
      • Dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
      • Divided into the papillary region (nutrient supply, temperature regulation) and the reticular region (structural support).
      • Houses sensory receptors, e.g., Meissner’s corpuscles for touch sensitivity.

    Answer Key Highlights

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone matrix when calcium levels are low.
    • Tendons connect muscle to bone, facilitating movement.
    • The dermis contains sensory receptors for light touch and skin stretching.
    • ATP hydrolysis enables myosin detachment from actin in muscle contraction.
    • Evaporative cooling helps in body temperature regulation during heat exposure.

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