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Questions and Answers
Epimysia blend into coarse sheets of connective tissue called __________ that bind muscles into functional groups.
Epimysia blend into coarse sheets of connective tissue called __________ that bind muscles into functional groups.
fascia
What is the function of synergists?
What is the function of synergists?
They assist the agonist in performing a movement.
Name two criteria (ways) used to classify/name muscles.
Name two criteria (ways) used to classify/name muscles.
By location and by function.
Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their number of origins.
Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their number of origins.
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Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their relative size.
Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by their relative size.
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Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by the direction of their muscle fibers.
Name two descriptive terms used when classifying muscles by the direction of their muscle fibers.
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Each motor neuron axon breaks up into many branches called _______________.
Each motor neuron axon breaks up into many branches called _______________.
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The junction between an axon and a muscle cell is called _______________.
The junction between an axon and a muscle cell is called _______________.
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The bulk of the body's muscle is composed of which muscle type?
The bulk of the body's muscle is composed of which muscle type?
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The fluid-filled gap separating neuronal and muscle fiber membranes is called ____________.
The fluid-filled gap separating neuronal and muscle fiber membranes is called ____________.
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Epimysia blend into strong cord-like structures called ___________.
Epimysia blend into strong cord-like structures called ___________.
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Epimysia blend into strong flat/sheet-like structures called ___________.
Epimysia blend into strong flat/sheet-like structures called ___________.
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What are the two other names by which skeletal muscles are known?
What are the two other names by which skeletal muscles are known?
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Skeletal muscle is composed of relatively large, long cylindrical cells, sometimes called _______________.
Skeletal muscle is composed of relatively large, long cylindrical cells, sometimes called _______________.
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What is the range of muscle fiber diameter?
What is the range of muscle fiber diameter?
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What is the range of muscle fiber length?
What is the range of muscle fiber length?
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Muscle cells are bundles of ___________________.
Muscle cells are bundles of ___________________.
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Myofibrils are made up of even smaller thread-like structures called ______________.
Myofibrils are made up of even smaller thread-like structures called ______________.
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What channel is continuous with the sarcolemma and propagates the action potential close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What channel is continuous with the sarcolemma and propagates the action potential close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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A large number of fascicles are bound together by a coarse 'overcoat' of dense connective tissue called the ______________, which sheaths the entire muscle.
A large number of fascicles are bound together by a coarse 'overcoat' of dense connective tissue called the ______________, which sheaths the entire muscle.
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What is the function of agonists?
What is the function of agonists?
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What is the function of an antagonist?
What is the function of an antagonist?
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What is the function of fixators?
What is the function of fixators?
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What is the effect of aging on muscles, what happens to them?
What is the effect of aging on muscles, what happens to them?
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The transverse tubule and the two terminal cisternea on either side form a region called a _______________.
The transverse tubule and the two terminal cisternea on either side form a region called a _______________.
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A muscle’s fixed (immovable) site of attachment is called its ______________________.
A muscle’s fixed (immovable) site of attachment is called its ______________________.
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Several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped together by a collagenic membrane called?
Several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped together by a collagenic membrane called?
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____________ are the actual contractile units of a muscle.
____________ are the actual contractile units of a muscle.
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The _______________ is the areolar connective tissue layer surrounding each individual muscle fiber.
The _______________ is the areolar connective tissue layer surrounding each individual muscle fiber.
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A bundle of several sheathed muscle fibers, wrapped together by a collagenic membrane, are called a ________________________.
A bundle of several sheathed muscle fibers, wrapped together by a collagenic membrane, are called a ________________________.
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A muscle’s more movable site of attachment is called its ______________________.
A muscle’s more movable site of attachment is called its ______________________.
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A neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates make up the functional structure called a ________________________.
A neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates make up the functional structure called a ________________________.
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What is the anatomical name for the thin filaments of the myofibrils?
What is the anatomical name for the thin filaments of the myofibrils?
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What is the anatomical name for the thick filaments of the myofibrils?
What is the anatomical name for the thick filaments of the myofibrils?
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What part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is in close proximity with the transverse tubule?
What part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is in close proximity with the transverse tubule?
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For what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum a repository?
For what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum a repository?
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How many thin filaments surround every thick filament in each myofibril?
How many thin filaments surround every thick filament in each myofibril?
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How many thick filaments surround every thin filament in each myofibril?
How many thick filaments surround every thin filament in each myofibril?
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When _____________ muscle contracts blood circulates, delivering nutrients to cells and removing cell waste.
When _____________ muscle contracts blood circulates, delivering nutrients to cells and removing cell waste.
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What is a recording of the electrical activity of muscles?
What is a recording of the electrical activity of muscles?
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____________ is an EMG where a needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle whose electrical activity is to be measured.
____________ is an EMG where a needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle whose electrical activity is to be measured.
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____________ is an EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle.
____________ is an EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle.
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_________________ means changing the strength of muscle contraction or the extent of shortening in proportion to the load placed on the muscle by way of motor unit recruitment.
_________________ means changing the strength of muscle contraction or the extent of shortening in proportion to the load placed on the muscle by way of motor unit recruitment.
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______________ is a constant state of slight tension that serves to maintain the muscle in a state of readiness.
______________ is a constant state of slight tension that serves to maintain the muscle in a state of readiness.
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The muscle force generated by muscle activity is expressed in ________ (units).
The muscle force generated by muscle activity is expressed in ________ (units).
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Define mechanical work performed by skeletal muscle.
Define mechanical work performed by skeletal muscle.
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The strength of the electrical current generated by muscle activity is expressed in ________ (units).
The strength of the electrical current generated by muscle activity is expressed in ________ (units).
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Contraction of __________ muscle moves one part of the body with respect to another part.
Contraction of __________ muscle moves one part of the body with respect to another part.
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Contraction of __________ muscle (type) changes the internal diameter of hollow organs.
Contraction of __________ muscle (type) changes the internal diameter of hollow organs.
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___________ is the name of the type of EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle.
___________ is the name of the type of EMG where the electrodes are placed on the skin overlying the muscle.
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Sustained fusion of individual muscle twitches is known as ____________.
Sustained fusion of individual muscle twitches is known as ____________.
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_________________ is the combination of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.
_________________ is the combination of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.
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The detection, amplification, and recording of changes in skin voltage produced by underlying skeletal muscle contraction.
The detection, amplification, and recording of changes in skin voltage produced by underlying skeletal muscle contraction.
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The sequential activation of motor units to perform a designated task is known as ______________________.
The sequential activation of motor units to perform a designated task is known as ______________________.
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When does fatigue occur?
When does fatigue occur?
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A decrease in the muscle’s ability to generate force due to a depletion of ATP, a buildup of inorganic phosphate or potassium causing a blockage of calcium release from S.R. or oxygen debt in muscle is called?
A decrease in the muscle’s ability to generate force due to a depletion of ATP, a buildup of inorganic phosphate or potassium causing a blockage of calcium release from S.R. or oxygen debt in muscle is called?
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Describe one way of controlling the degree of skeletal muscle contraction.
Describe one way of controlling the degree of skeletal muscle contraction.
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______________ is the measurement of power.
______________ is the measurement of power.
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____________ is the amount of work done per unit of time.
____________ is the amount of work done per unit of time.
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What was the hand dynamometer / Dynagrip used to show?
What was the hand dynamometer / Dynagrip used to show?
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______________ is a graphic recording obtained by using a dynamometer.
______________ is a graphic recording obtained by using a dynamometer.
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Name the instrument used to measure grip force.
Name the instrument used to measure grip force.
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Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle cells stimulated is called?
Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle cells stimulated is called?
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The staircase effect of slight increases in contractile strength of progressive muscle twitches due to more calcium and heat as each ensuing twitch occurs is called?
The staircase effect of slight increases in contractile strength of progressive muscle twitches due to more calcium and heat as each ensuing twitch occurs is called?
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The period of a muscle twitch between muscle stimulation and contraction is called?
The period of a muscle twitch between muscle stimulation and contraction is called?
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Force generated by stretching a muscle and due to its elastic properties is called?
Force generated by stretching a muscle and due to its elastic properties is called?
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__________ stimulation causes skeletal muscle to contract.
__________ stimulation causes skeletal muscle to contract.
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The sum of the passive force and the active force is called?
The sum of the passive force and the active force is called?
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What is a single muscle contraction called?
What is a single muscle contraction called?
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During a twitch the phase in which muscle fibers shorten is called?
During a twitch the phase in which muscle fibers shorten is called?
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During a twitch the phase in which muscle fibers relax and lengthen is called?
During a twitch the phase in which muscle fibers relax and lengthen is called?
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__________ stimulus leads to a contractile response.
__________ stimulus leads to a contractile response.
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A __________ stimulus leads to a non-contractile response.
A __________ stimulus leads to a non-contractile response.
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Restoring of the resting membrane potential is called?
Restoring of the resting membrane potential is called?
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What is the name of the neurotransmitter that enters the synaptic cleft from vesicles in the axon terminal?
What is the name of the neurotransmitter that enters the synaptic cleft from vesicles in the axon terminal?
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Muscle stimulation in rapid succession of the same intensity but of a greater frequency causing greater response (strength of contraction) is called?
Muscle stimulation in rapid succession of the same intensity but of a greater frequency causing greater response (strength of contraction) is called?
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The weakest stimulus that will stimulate all the muscle cells of a muscle is called __________ stimulus.
The weakest stimulus that will stimulate all the muscle cells of a muscle is called __________ stimulus.
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What is the waste product produced under oxygen depleted (fatigued) muscle conditions?
What is the waste product produced under oxygen depleted (fatigued) muscle conditions?
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A constant state of slight tension that maintains muscle readiness is called?
A constant state of slight tension that maintains muscle readiness is called?
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What ion is stored inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What ion is stored inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the energy that is used to drive muscle contraction called?
What is the energy that is used to drive muscle contraction called?
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What is the normal resting potential/potential difference/voltage of a muscle fiber/cell?
What is the normal resting potential/potential difference/voltage of a muscle fiber/cell?
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An event in which the cell becomes less negatively charged is called?
An event in which the cell becomes less negatively charged is called?
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A contraction in which muscle length doesn't change, but force generated can is called a ___________ contraction.
A contraction in which muscle length doesn't change, but force generated can is called a ___________ contraction.
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Stimulation at such a frequency that no relaxation occurs, a sustained contraction, is called?
Stimulation at such a frequency that no relaxation occurs, a sustained contraction, is called?
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Study Notes
Muscle Tissues
- Epimysia blend into coarse sheets of connective tissue called fascia that bind muscles into functional groups.
- Synergists function to aid the prime mover.
- Criteria for classifying muscles include origin number, relative size, and fiber direction.
Muscle Function
- A motor neuron's axon branches into numerous branches known as motor end plates.
- The junction between an axon and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.
- Skeletal muscle comprises the bulk of the body.
- The transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae on either side form a region called the triad.
- A muscle's fixed site of attachment is called its origin.
- Several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped together by a collagenic membrane called a fascicle.
- Myofibrils are made of even smaller thread-like structures called filaments.
- The anatomical names for the thick and thin filaments are myosin and actin respectively.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum is close to the transverse tubule. It's important for storing calcium ions.
Muscle Contraction
- The action of most superficial anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is.
- The action of most deep anterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is.
- The action of most superficial posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is.
- The action of most deep posterior compartment antebrachium/forearm muscles is.
Muscle Function and Actions
- Most posterior muscles of the trunk produce actions that move the trunk.
- Most deep facial muscles produce an action that moves some part of the face.
- Most superficial facial muscles insert in some part of the face.
- Most anterior muscles of the neck have insertions in a part of the neck.
- Most anterior muscles of the neck perform actions that involve movement of the head.
- Most posterior muscles of the trunk have insertions on some part of the trunk/back or other relevant parts.
- Most of the muscles of the humerus/upper arm have insertions in some part of the arm.
- Most of the muscles of the upper arm have origins in some part of the upper arm.
- The action of all of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg is.
- The action of all of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg is.
- All of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg have origins in some area of the lower leg.
- Most of the muscles of the anterior lower leg compartment have origins at some part of the lower leg.
- The action of all of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg is.
- All of the muscles of the anterior lower leg compartment have insertions at some part of the leg.
- The action of most of the muscles of the upper medial leg compartment is.
- The action of most of the muscles of the anterior upper leg compartment is.
- Most of the anterior muscles of the upper leg have origins in some part of the upper leg.
- All of the gluteal muscles have insertions on some part of the buttocks.
- All of the gluteal muscles have origins in some part of the pelvis.
- The action of all of the posterior compartment muscles of the upper leg is.
- Most of the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the antebrachium/forearm have origin somewhere in the antebrachium/forearm.
Definitions:
- Muscle contraction: Muscle contracts blood circulates and delivers nutrients to cells and removes cell waste.
- EMG: A recording of electrical activity of muscles. A type of EMG, called needle electrode EMG has a needle electrode inserted through the skin into the muscle to measure the electrical activity.
- Another type of EMG has electrodes placed on the skin over the muscle. Muscle contraction: changes in the strength of muscle contraction or to the extent of shortening of muscles in proportion to the load by motor unit recruitment.
- Muscle Tone: A constant state of slight tension. Muscle tone keeps the muscles ready.
- Mechanical Work: work performed by muscles.
- Power: the amount of work done per unit of time. Measurement of power.
Additional Definitions
- Single muscle contraction: Single muscle twitch.
- Muscle twitch phases:
- Shortening phase: Muscle fibers shorten.
- Relaxing phase: Muscle fibers relax and lengthen.
- Stimulus leads to contractile response.
- A stimulus leads to non-contractile response.
- Restoring the resting membrane potential: Repolarization.
- Neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft: Acetylcholine.
- Muscle stimulation with increasing frequency: Summation.
- Weakest stimulus to stimulate all muscle cells: Threshold stimulus.
- Waste products under oxygen depletion: Lactic acid.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to muscle tissues and their functions. Key topics include muscle classification, the neuromuscular junction, and the structure of muscle fibers. Test your understanding of the roles of various components in muscular anatomy and physiology.
